Putty (163 Duab): Polyurethane Lossis Roj-kua Nplaum Hom Putty Rau Phab Ntsa, Muab Tshuaj Txhuam Nrog Cov Cement Sib Xyaw

2024 Tus sau: Beatrice Philips | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 05:41

Thaum nws los txog rau kev kho vaj tse loj hauv chav tsev, tau kawg, koj tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj kev mus rau qhov npaj ua ntej ntawm phab ntsa thiab qab nthab. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj yuav tsum siv cov kua nplaum. Cov hom thiab cov ntsiab lus me me ntawm kev thov cov ntaub ntawv no yuav tsum paub rau txhua tus tswv uas xav kho lub chav nrog nws tus kheej txhais tes thiab ua haujlwm kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li sai tau.

Nws yog dab tsi?

Cov kua nplaum yog cov yas sib xyaw uas tau tsim los tshem tawm lossis txo qis txawm tias qhov tsis zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov nplaim, ntawm chav kawm, muab cov qauv zoo siv. Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj pleev yuav tsum ua kom zoo rau qib qib ntawm cov phab ntsa uas npaj rau tha xim lossis ntawv ntsa.

Qee lub sij hawm nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau muab tshuaj txhuam thiab qab nthab rau pleev xim dawb lossis pleev xim yog tias lawv muaj kab nrib pleb loj. Qhov muab tshuaj txhuam zoo yuav ib txwm pab tawm tus tswv thiab tsis quav ntsej txawm tias cov chaw uas xub pib zoo li tsis ntxim nyiam. Cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub muab ntau cov qauv nrog cov xim dawb tag thaum qhuav. Qhov no ua kom yooj yim rau kev ua tiav tom ntej.

Cov kua nplaum tau tsim ua cov hmoov lossis cov tshuaj txhuam, uas suav nrog cov gypsum, txiv qaub, polymer thiab fiberglass ntxiv, ntxiv rau cov kua roj vanish thiab ziab kom qhuav (cov roj uas tau paub zoo los ntawm lub sijhawm qub). Lub tswv yim nws tus kheej los ntawm lo lus German "spatula", uas hauv kev tsim kho cov ntsiab lus txhais tau tias yog spatula rau kev thov sib xyaw rau saum npoo.

Pros thiab cons

Txhawm rau xaiv qhov muab tub lim kom raug, thawj kauj ruam yog nkag siab tias nws tuaj yeem tsim tau ob qho tib si qhuav thiab ua kua. Kev sib xyaw qhuav muaj ntau dua thiab yuav tsum tau npaj ua ntej pib ua haujlwm. Lawv cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb yog them taus, yooj yim ntawm kev khaws thiab thauj. Lawv kuj tseem tuaj yeem khaws cia rau qee lub sijhawm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kua sib tov sib xyaw nrog dej tsis tuaj yeem khaws cia ntev, thiab txhawm rau npaj nws kom raug, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tsis txhob yuam kev hauv cov dej. Kev ua noj ua haus yuav siv sij hawm, siv zog thiab txawj.

Tau kawg, nws yuav zoo li nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los yuav cov khoom ua hom putty: lawv tsis tas yuav tsum tau diluted, thiab lawv yog ntau yam unpretentious rau kev cia khoom. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias lawv kim dua thiab tsis haum rau kev ua haujlwm ua ntej ntsig txog qib phab ntsa: rau lub hom phiaj no, tsuas yog siv cov sib tov qhuav xwb.

Kev npaj ua tiav yuav tsum siv tsuas yog thaum tsim cov txheej nyias nyias nyob rau thaum kawg ntawm kev ua haujlwm putty, tom qab ntawd cov nplaim yuav du heev uas nws tsis xav tau kev txhuam ntxiv.

Saib

Cov txiv ntseej roj-based putty yog qhov pheej yig tshaj ntawm txhua qhov . Nws suav tias yog hnub qub thiab txawm tias muaj teeb meem, tab sis qhov no tsis yog qhov tseeb. Tau kawg, ziab cov roj zoo li ua kom tob tob rau hauv ib qho chaw, suav nrog cov qhob, thiab tom qab ntawd nws cov xim tuaj yeem tshwm los ntawm txheej txheej. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis ncaj ncees muab nws qhov "txiav txim" zaum kawg txog qhov ua rau muaj kev phom sij: cov kua nplaum ua ke yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws raws li txheej txheej tiv thaiv dej thiab tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov plag tsev los ntawm kev puas tsuaj ua ntej, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau cov xwm txheej ntawm cov av noo siab. Nws yog qhov zoo rau thaj chaw ntub dej xws li hauv qab daus, chav dej ntxuav thiab chav ua noj. Nws tuaj yeem siv los txhawm rau tawg hauv ib feem ntawm chav dej, nws tsis muaj dej thiab yuav tsis cia koj poob.

Hom khoom tshwj xeeb no yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ua ke nrog cov xim tsis zoo, uas tau siv rau tom qab phab ntsa cladding, tsis muaj qhov khaus yuav tshwm ntawm lawv. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kev ua haujlwm nrog ntoo phab ntsa thiab OSB-slabs ntsib nrog plaster, ntxiv rau yog tias koj npaj yuav siv fiberglass rau cladding. Ua tsaug rau nws, lub frayed crate thiab xav hauv ob sab phlu yuav tau ntseeg tau tiv thaiv los ntawm ob qho tib si txheej txheem rotting thiab kab tawv ntoo, uas feem ntau rhuav tshem cov khoom ntoo thiab cov qauv. Txawm tias cov nplaum acrylic nrov tsis muaj qib zoo tib yam ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov ntoo plastered li cov kua nplaum nplaum, yog li nws siv qee zaum tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb.

Cement (los yog gypsum-cement) putty yog kim dua roj thiab tsim nyog rau txhua hom kev ua tiav. Qhov no yog qhov sib xyaw qhuav uas yuav tsum tau muab txhuam hauv dej. Muaj ntau hom sib txawv ntawm cov cement putty: ob qho tib si rau thaj chaw nyob thiab rau thaj chaw uas muaj cov av noo ntau. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, kev sib xyaw zoo li no tau siv txhawm rau kho kom zoo nkauj phab ntsa rau gluing nrog cov ntawv ntsa: nws tsis tawm ntawm cov xim, zoo li roj, yog li koj tsis tuaj yeem ntshai los kho chav nrog cov ntawv ntsa zoo nkauj thiab zoo nkauj.

Dej-dispersive putty kuj hais txog ntau hom cement, tab sis cov khoom siv dej-polymer tau siv los ua nws lub hauv paus. Nws yog cov khoom siv npaj txhij siv sib xyaw muag hauv cov thoob yas ruaj khov. Vim nws qhov kev npaj ua khoom lag luam, cov khoom sib xws tau txawv los ntawm kev tswj kom raug ntawm viscosity, lub zog thiab kev du.

Hom khoom siv no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pom zoo rau tus tswv tshiab thaum npaj phab ntsa rau tha xim thaum tsis muaj qhov tsis xws loj.

Acrylic muab tub lim Lawv yog qhov txawv los ntawm tus nqi siab thiab qhov ua tau zoo, tab sis lawv tsis tuaj yeem raug hu ua thoob ntiaj teb: lawv tsis haum raws li lub hauv paus rau cov xim yooj yim thiab pheej yig vim yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws saum npoo uas tau tsim thaum qib. Yog tias koj siv acrylic putty, tom qab ntawd cov xim hauv qab nws yuav tsum yog qhov tsim nyog zoo thiab tus nqi, txwv tsis pub nws yuav tsis ua zoo thiab tawg sai.

Ob-tivthaiv epoxy putty hloov cov cement, txiv qaub thiab roj raws cov qauv. Nws muaj epoxy cob, tawv thiab ntau yam muab tub lim. Nws tseem hu ua polyester. Cov kev daws teeb meem hnyav tau los ntawm cov qauv no muab cov khoom siv dag zog ntxiv. Tsis ntev los no, epoxy putty nrog fiberglass thiab aluminium shavings tau dhau los ua neeg nyiam. Qee yam ntawm cov khoom siv no yog npaj rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlau, tshwj xeeb, txhawm rau txhawm rau khawb ntawm lub tsheb thiab npaj lawv rau rov pleev xim.

Lub ntsej muag tseem ceeb ntawm ob-tivthaiv epoxy-based cov ntaub ntawv yog tias nws muaj qhov kho tau zoo, yog li tsis tas yuav maj nrawm tom qab npaj cov sib xyaw. Cov txheej txheem polymerization pib qee lub sijhawm tom qab muab cov hmoov sib tov faib rau saum npoo kom kho. Nws ua kom tawv tawv tag nrho tom qab rau rau yim teev, tom qab uas koj tuaj yeem muaj kev nyab xeeb rau txhua qhov ntsej muag lossis sib tsoo. Tsis pub ntxiv cov kuab tshuaj ntxiv rau hauv qhov sib tov.

Kev nthuav dav ntawm kev thov ntawm ob qho kev sib xyaw ua ke yog qhov dav heev: los ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj "kho" cov hlau ntawm lub tsheb mus rau txhua qhov kev ua haujlwm putty nrog qib sib txawv ntawm qhov nyuaj.

Ntawm cov niaj hnub ob-tivthaiv putties, nws tsim nyog hais txog polyurethane . Nws tau tsim los txhawm rau tshem tawm qhov tsis xws luag hauv polyurethane txheej (hauv pem teb, phab ntsa, faib ua feem), tab sis vim nws cov nplaum zoo thiab ua tau ntev, nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem siv ua haujlwm nrog hlau, ua vaj tsev, thiab ceramics. Nws cov khoom siv dag zog ua rau nws tuaj yeem kho qhov potholes loj hauv cov dab dej, chav dej, lub cev tsheb.

Thaum siv cov qauv no, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias lawv tau tsim tawm hauv ob lub pob (yog li lub tswv yim ntawm "ob-tivthaiv"): lub hauv paus rau cov tshuaj pleev nws tus kheej thiab cov tshuaj tawv. Thaum npaj cov khoom sib xyaw, koj yuav tsum ua raws li cov feem qhia hauv cov lus qhia.

Raws li lawv lub hom phiaj, txhua yam ntaub ntawv raug faib ua plaub pawg: pib muab tshuaj txhuam (nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog qib ua ntej ntawm qhov tsis xws luag), ua kom tiav (cov ntaub ntawv siv ua txheej kawg tom qab lub ntsiab) thiab kev sib xyaw rau kev siv tshwj xeeb.

Pib hom khoom, lossis "thawj txheej putties" xav tau txhawm rau tshem tawm qhov tsis xws luag hauv qab: qab nthab, qhov rooj qhib thiab qhov nqes hav. Xws li cov tshuaj pleev tau xaiv nyob ntawm seb cov khoom siv yooj yim yog dab tsi hauv nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg.

Thaum xaiv, cov cuab yeej ua tau zoo, hnav tsis kam thiab muaj zog tau txais txiaj ntsig, nrog rau lub peev xwm los thov txheej nrog cov tuab tuab sib txawv, uas tuaj yeem sib txawv mus txog 25 hli.

Cov phiaj xwm ua tiav tiav ("txheej thib ob") yuav tsum tau thov tom qab thawj zaug, tam sim ntawd ua ntej pib pleev xim lossis pleev xim. Lawv tau siv rau cov ntaub ntawv nyias nyias (pab yaj txheej, textiles, pleev xim) thiab feem ntau yog txhawm rau txhawm rau kho qhov tsis xws luag. Lawv tau thov ua tib zoo thiab nyob rau theem, vim li ntawd, cov nplaim dawb ntawm kev nce du thiab ntom tau txais yam tsis xav tau kev sib tsoo tom ntej.

Universal hom putty, raws li txoj cai, muaj ob qho ua tiav thiab qib qib, thiab tseem tuaj yeem siv ua cov khoom siv rau lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb. Zoo tshaj rau kev kho me me ua ntej ntawm txhua qhov chaw thiab lawv qib. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov putty thoob ntiaj teb yog siv rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj. Cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav ua tiav nrog lub tswv yim ntawm thoob ntiaj teb muaj rau qeb siab dua, ntxiv rau, lawv cov khoom sib txawv tsis txawv hauv ntau yam.

Raws li tau sau tseg, cov khoom siv thoob ntiaj teb muaj qhov tsis zoo hauv kev ua kom qhuav sib tov, uas tau tsim los ua kom tiav lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb.

Cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb suav nrog hom tshwj xeeb ntxiv thiab tau npaj rau kev ua haujlwm nrog qee qhov tshwj xeeb, piv txwv li, rau kev sib khi pob qij txha ntawm gypsum panels yam tsis siv kab xev nrog cov khoom txhawb ntxiv.

Kev sib xyaw ua kom muaj zog thiab hloov pauv tau muaj los txhawm rau ua kom cov phab ntsa tawg thiab cov kev xaiv zoo sib xws.

Los ntawm kev sib xyaw, txhua qhov sib tov sib xyaw tau muab faib ua peb hom: txiv qaub (xis mas), gypsum thiab niaj hnub, uas yog ua los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv polymer. Gypsum putty tsis thim thiab ua kom zoo, tab sis tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv ya raws zoo, yog li nws tsuas yog tsim rau sab hauv ua haujlwm hauv chav qhuav. Txiv qaub ntau yam, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, zam cov dej noo zoo, tab sis tib lub sij hawm muaj zog shrinkage. Raws li rau txhua hom polymers, ntau ntawm lawv yog thoob ntiaj teb, tab sis lawv kuj tseem kim dua, uas feem ntau txwv lawv kev siv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau cov xwm txheej ntawm kev ua cov cheeb tsam loj.

Chaw tsim tshuaj paus

Semin tuam txhab , uas muaj tus sawv cev chaw haujlwm nyob hauv ntau lub nroog ntawm Russia, tau tshwm sim hauv Fab Kis, thiab tau nyob hauv khw lag luam txij li xyoo 1996. Nws qhov tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb yog kev ntshuam cov khoom siv hauv tsev thiab ua tiav kev sib xyaw ob qho tib si los ntawm Fabkis thiab los ntawm lwm lub tebchaws European. Lub tuam txhab nws tus kheej tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1938 raws li lub tuam txhab tsim cov khoom lag luam zoo tshaj plaws.

Nyob rau theem tam sim no, Lub tuam txhab Semin tau sawv cev los ntawm ntau yam ntawm cov muab tub lim, nrog rau cov khoom sib xyaw ua haujlwm nrog cov hlau hauv tsheb. Lub tuam txhab muaj peb lub chaw tsim khoom hauv Fabkis, thiab ib lub hauv Russia. Tag nrho cov tebchaws uas nws npaj cov khoom ntawm nws cov khoom muaj ntau dua 40.

Ib qho ntawm cov nyiam sib xyaw ua tiav ntawm cov tuam txhab no yog Semin ob-hauv-ib qho muab tshuaj txhuam, tsim rau ob qho tib si thawj thiab ua tiav. Sib txawv hauv daim ntawv thov yooj yim thiab cov khoom nplaum siab. Tom qab ziab, phab ntsa yuav siv cov xim dawb huv. Txhua yam khoom siv piav qhia hauv cov lus qhia rau kev siv yog qhov tseeb.

Polish tuam txhab Novol xyoo 1978 nws tau paub dav hauv cov tebchaws nyob sab Europe Sab Hnub Tuaj raws li cov chaw tsim khoom pleev xim rau cov tsheb. Nws tau pib los ntawm lub tuam txhab me cuam tshuam nrog ntu ntu ntawm kev lag luam no, tab sis tsis ntev qhov kev tsim tawm nthuav dav: thoob ntiaj teb thiab tshwj xeeb cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke tau tshwm sim ua ke nrog cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv. Txij li xyoo 1989, lwm lub tsev cog qoob loo loj tau ua haujlwm nyob hauv nroog Poznan, thiab Novol cov khoom lag luam tau muab rau hauv Lavxias kev ua lag luam txij thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo nineties.

Kab ntawm putties ntawm lub tuam txhab no muaj ntau yam. Txhua cov khoom siv nws muaj nws lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb, uas pab txhawb kev xaiv. Yeej, kev sib xyaw ua ke tau tsom mus rau kev ua haujlwm nrog hlau thiab yas nto. Ntawm kev muag khoom muaj cov qauv tshwj xeeb uas tau npaj tseg, piv txwv li, tsuas yog rau cov yas, nrog rau cov thoob ntiaj teb.

Cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem siv nrog ib qho spatula zoo tib yam lossis siv pneumatics, tab sis tsuas yog tias cov peev txheej sib dhos thiab tshem tawm qhov tsis xws loj tsis xav tau.

Ntawm cov tsheb sib xyaw ua ke ntawm lub tuam txhab no, nws tau txais kev tshuaj xyuas zoo tshaj plaws putty Novol Fiber … Nws yog qhov tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev yooj yim ntawm daim ntawv thov rau cov hlau, zoo adhesion thiab siab hnav tsis kam. Zoo tagnrho rau kev kho lub cev tsheb. Lub zog thiab ua haujlwm ntev ntawm cov putty no yog vim nws tau tsim los ntawm polyester resins thiab fiberglass.

Ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Russia tseem muaj ntau lub tuam txhab tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov khoom ntim rau ntau lub hom phiaj. Piv txwv li, ib lub tuam txhab " Hercules ", tau tsim hauv xyoo 1997 hauv Siberia, tau pib siv feem ntau ntawm cov kev paub zoo los ntawm cov npoj yaig los ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, uas tom qab coj mus rau nws daim ntawv tso cai los ntawm cov neeg German. "Hercules" yog tus thawj coj tsim nyog tau txais txiaj ntsig hauv Lavxias kev ua lag luam, tshwj xeeb hauv cov khoom sib tov qhuav, qhov tsis tseem ceeb hauv cov qib sib sib zog nqus thiab ua haujlwm ntawm cov chaw loj.

Lub tuam txhab cov khoom cuam tshuam txog kev siv cov khoom lag luam zoo tshwj xeeb thiab yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv Siberia, thiab tus nqi rau cov khoom lag luam ib txwm muaj nqis thiab ua tib neeg, tsom mus rau ntau cov neeg siv khoom. Hauv xyoo 2015, tau qhib ib lub rooj cob qhia kev tsim khoom tshiab, nruab nrog cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no, uas tso cai rau lub tuam txhab ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntxiv ntawm cov khoom. Cov chaw tsim khoom txuas ntxiv nthuav nws txoj kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo hauv khw. Cov khoom lag luam tau muag tau zoo hauv ntau dua nees nkaum thaj chaw, ntxiv rau hauv Kazakhstan.

Ntawm cov muab tub lim ntawm lub tuam txhab Hercules qhov tsis sib thooj ntawm ob qho kev sib xyaw ua ke yog qhov xav tau. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb rau nws tus nqi qis, nws tuaj yeem sau cov kab nrib pleb ntawm txhua qhov loj me. Haum rau siv hauv chav qhuav. Nws muaj cov tshuaj gypsum qib siab, nrog rau cov tshuaj dawb inert filler thiab cov tshuaj polymer ntxiv uas muab cov khoom siv nrog cov nplaum zoo.

Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog ib qho yooj yim thov thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb kiag rau ib puag ncig.

Lwm tus thawj coj lees paub hauv Lavxias kev ua lag luam ntawm cov khoom ntim khoom yog kev lag luam Hom "Tex " los ntawm St. Petersburg, paub zoo dua li Tikkurila. Hauv qhov xwm txheej ntawd, ib tus yuav tsum paub qhov txawv nruab nrab ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm lub tuam txhab thiab cov cim lag luam uas nws tsim nws cov khoom. "Tex" tau ntev tau muab cov neeg siv khoom Lavxias nrog cov khoom sib xyaw qhuav thiab thoob ntiaj teb rau kev tso dej, nyiam lawv nrog tus nqi tsim nyog thiab tsim nyog cov khoom lag luam.

Cov khoom lag luam ntawm "Tex" cov cim lag luam tau sawv cev los ntawm ntau yam ntawm cov primers, cov nplaum thiab cov kuab tshuaj, ntxiv rau ntau yam khoom siv: roj, acrylic, latex. Ntawm lawv, cov neeg yuav khoom feem ntau xav tau rau kev sib xyaw ua ke "Lux" rau kev ua haujlwm sab hauv thaj chaw ntawm ib lub hom phiaj. "Lux" putty muaj qib siab tiv thaiv ya raws, uas tso cai rau nws siv hauv chav dej, chav ua noj, chav sauna thiab pas dej da.

Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis pom zoo siv nws hauv qhov chaw uas tsis muaj cua sov, vim cov khoom siv hauv qhov txias tuaj yeem siv tsis tau sai.

Kev txhawj xeeb loj German Knauf yog tus thawj coj lees paub hauv kev ua lag luam rau txhua hom khoom siv hauv tsev. Thaum ntxov 30s ntawm ib puas xyoo dhau los, cov kwv tij Karl thiab Alphonse Knauf tau muaj lub tswv yim los siv cov khoom ntuj zoo li gypsum hauv kev tsim kho. Nws txhua yam pib nrog kev txhim kho cov gypsum mines hauv Schengen, tom qab uas tau qhib thawj Knauf cog hauv tebchaws Yelemes. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb uas Knauf cov kwv tij tau txiav txim siab pib lawv cov haujlwm kom raug nrog kev tso cov plaster qhuav sib tov sib xyaw ntawm cov hauv paus ntawm gypsum.

Yav tom ntej, lub tuam txhab tau pib txhim kho sai, tsim cov phab ntsa ntub dej, tshuab plaster thiab kua nplaum hauv pem teb. Cov tshuaj sib tov qhuav ntawm cov cement thiab gypsum tau tshwm sim hauv khw hauv 70s, thiab thaum lub xeev cov txheej txheem hauv tebchaws Russia pib hloov pauv ntau heev, cov chaw tsim khoom lag luam German tau mob siab rau qhov kev cia siab ntawm kev koom tes thoob ntiaj teb. Hauv 90s, cov nroj tsuag gypsum ntawm thaj chaw ntawm yav dhau los USSR yuav luag nres lawv txoj haujlwm, thiab yog tias ib qho ntawm cov tsev sib xyaw tau tsim, lawv qhov ua tau zoo, hmoov tsis zoo, tshuav ntau yam uas xav tau. Tab sis txij li cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Knauf pom lub peev xwm zoo hauv kev txhim kho kev ua lag luam hauv Russia, lawv sai sai txiav txim siab los pib tsim khoom nrog peb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txij li lub tuam txhab cov khoom lag luam tau nthuav dav ntxiv mus rau tso tawm cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke, nrov tshaj plaws rau kev kho yooj yim. ua hauj lwm.

Thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej, lub tsev sib xyaw ntawm lub tuam txhab no tsis tau hloov pauv raws li qhov ua tau zoo thiab siv tshuab. Knauf yog qhov txawv los ntawm nws cov neeg siv khoom tsom mus rau thiab tib neeg hais txog kev cai tus nqi rau nws cov khoom. Tam sim no hauv Russia, kev tsim khoom tau ua tiav ntawm cov cuab yeej siv German, thiab cov khoom siv raw tau raug khawb ntawm peb thaj chaw. Xyoo 2000s, lub tuam txhab nkag mus rau kev lag luam peev ntawm Ukraine thiab Kazakhstan. Hauv tebchaws Russia, lub tuam txhab nyiam thiab cob qhia peb cov kws tshaj lij, muab cov neeg ua haujlwm zoo thiab cov khoom lag luam zoo.

Qhov nrov tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg siv khoom yog Fugen muab tshuaj txhuam , uas yog qhov ua tau zoo sib xyaw nrog cov hmoov gypsum thiab cov tshuaj polymer ntxiv hauv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Nws tau tsim los rau qib phab ntsa thiab qab nthab hauv chav nrog pom qhov zoo tshaj qhov av noo. Haum rau kev ua haujlwm nrog cov pob zeb ua haujlwm thiab cov plastered kom tshem tawm qhov tsis xws loj thiab me me, hom phiaj yog tiv tauj nrog phab ntsa ntub dej.

Vim nws cov yas thiab cov nplaum siab, qhov tshwj xeeb no tau txais kev tshuaj xyuas zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov kws tshaj lij kev tsim kho.

Ntau tus, tau kawg, paub nrog lwm tus German tuam txhab Henkel … Nws paub tias yog cov chaw tsim khoom lag luam tshuaj lom neeg hauv tsev thiab khoom siv tu tus kheej, tab sis nws qhov kev tawm tsam Henkel Bautechnik tsom mus rau ntu kev tsim kho. Ntawm qhov ntau ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev, cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke sawv tawm, ob qho tib si qhuav thiab npaj tau. Kev xaiv ntawm cov tshuaj txhuam, hauv kev sib piv rau Knauf, tsis yog qhov dav, tab sis qhov zoo ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom no yog tias nws tuaj yeem yooj yim dua los nrhiav tsuas yog kev sib xyaw tshwj xeeb. Txhua qhov muab tshuaj txhuam tau tsim los nruj me ntsis rau ib txoj haujlwm tshwj xeeb, uas yog nrov heev nrog ntau tus kws tshaj lij. Henkel tau sawv cev ntawm Lavxias lag luam los ntawm Ceresit lub cim lag luam.

Putty sib xyaw Ceresit CT 225 - qhov kev xaiv zoo rau kev ua haujlwm sab nrauv. Tus tswv sau tseg tias nws yog cov cement hom sib xyaw uas yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm txhua qhov muab tso rau ntawm hom khoom no. Nws qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntau qhov kev txhawb nqa ntxiv uas tsim nyog rau kev ua tiav kev ua tiav sab nrauv, txawm li cas los xij, txhawm rau kom lawv tau faib tusyees thoob plaws txhua qhov chaw, ib tus yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab do cov khoom sib xyaw kom ntau li ntau tau.

Cov Lus Qhia Xaiv

Qhov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws tuaj yeem tau txais tsuas yog thaum tsim qauv tsim los ntawm tib lub tuam txhab tau siv, raws li txoj cai, hauv qhov no, lawv sib ntxiv ua ke hauv txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws. Thaum ua ntawv thov thawj txheej txheej ntawm putty, sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov sib xyaw ua ke nrog cov tuab txog li ib thiab ib nrab millimeters yuav zoo tagnrho.

Cov theem kawg ntawm kev muab tshuaj txhuam yuav tsum tau nqa tawm nrog cov khoom siv ntawm qhov ua kom zoo dua - tsis pub ntau dua 0.3 hli.

Thaum xaiv qhov sib xyaw, cov lus nug ib txwm tshwm sim raws li qhov twg yog qhov zoo dua: npaj tau ua lossis qhuav . Tau kawg, kev sib tov qhuav yog qhov pheej yig dua, tab sis lawv tso cai rau koj kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws, thiab txhua qhov kev siv zog los npaj cov homogeneous loj yuav raug txiav txim siab. Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias tsis muaj teeb meem li cas txaus nyiam ib lossis lwm qhov sib xyaw ua tiav los ntawm qeb ntawm thoob ntiaj teb tuaj yeem zoo li, txheej txheej yuav tsum tau thov kom raug nrog cov sib xyaw qhuav, ua kom raug diluted nrog dej. Ntxiv mus, kev npaj ua kom zoo ib txwm raug nqi ntau dua.

Txhua pob muaj qhov qhia txog thaj tsam ntawm kev thov cov khoom, uas koj yuav tsum tau ua raws. Tsis tas li, thaum yuav khoom, koj yuav tsum tau them sai sai rau cov xwm txheej uas kev siv cov khoom sib xyaw ua tau zoo lossis qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Nov yog qhov ntsuas kub, qhov chaw thov (chav lossis qhib cua), av noo.

Koj yuav tsum ua tib zoo nyeem cov lus qhia ntawm cov khoom siv. Nws tuaj yeem tsim los rau kev sib sib zog nqus ntawm qhov chaw, txhawm rau ua kom cov txheej sab saud ntawm thaj chaw tiaj tus. Nws kuj tseem yuav tsum tau paub koj tus kheej nrog qhov no lossis hom putty no ua ke nrog lwm cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv, yog li cov teeb meem tsis tshwm sim twb tau ua tiav hauv txoj haujlwm.

Yog tias cov phab ntsa ua vaj tsev tau npaj rau tha xim thiab tsis muaj qhov tsis xws loj, tag nrho hauv-ib qhov npaj tau ua cov pob zeb ua haujlwm yuav ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws vim tias nws yuav muab qib zoo tshaj plaws hauv lub tsho kawg. Ib qho pheej yig tab sis kev sib xyaw qhuav qhuav yuav yog lub hauv paus zoo tshaj rau txhua hom ntawv ntsa. Thaum nws yuav tsum tau lo rau nyias thiab lub teeb ntsa ntawv, txheej txheej txheej ntawm cov khoom siv yuav tsum tau xaiv kom dawb dua li qhov ua tau kom cov xim ntawm cov xim txheej tsis hloov lossis tsis zoo.

Thaum npaj phiaj xwm ua haujlwm sab hauv tsev xwb, koj yuav tsum yuav cov tshuaj uas tsis muaj xuab zeb.

Ua ntej yuav cov khoom sib tov ua kom tiav, nws tsis ua mob los tshuaj xyuas qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom "ntawm lub qhov muag "los ntawm kev nug tus neeg muag khoom kom qhib lub raj mis. Yog tias cov khoom lag luam tsis zoo, nws saum npoo yuav muaj qhov tsaus ntuj los yog qhuav qhuav. Yog tias nws tsis yooj yim los xaiv, nws raug nquahu kom nyob ntawm ib qho ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov phiaj xwm thoob ntiaj teb, yog li qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev yuav cov khoom uas yuav tsis haum rau txhua qhov yuav raug txo. Muaj kev tawm tswv yim ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tias nws yog qhov zoo tshaj los siv cov kua nplaum acrylic rau qib phab ntsa.

Cov cuab yeej thov

Cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm tsis yog qhov nyuaj, tab sis nws feem ntau xav tau cov txuj ci yooj yim thiab qee qhov kev paub dhau los. Rau tus pib, qhov tseem ceeb yog tsom mus rau kom ntseeg tau tias txhua qhov kev nqis tes ua tau ua tiav hauv ib ntu zuj zus, ntxiv rau kev kawm paub yuav ua li cas thiaj li ua tau raws li cov cuab yeej raug.

Thawj kauj ruam yog xav tau tus ntswj ntsia hlau los yog laum ., uas muaj lub taub tshwj xeeb, vim tias qhov sib tov qhuav yuav tsum tau dilution nrog dej. Kev sib xyaw kom zoo yog ua tau tsuas yog thaum siv lub laum thiab lub taub hau. Yog tias koj tsis muaj cov cuab yeej zoo li no ntawm tes, koj tuaj yeem sim txoj kev qub los siv cov khoom sib xyaw ua noj tas li.

Cov khoom siv nrog spatula, tab sis ib lub cuab yeej yuav tsis txaus rau kev ua haujlwm puv ntoob thiab zoo. Nws raug nquahu kom yuav ib txheej uas suav nrog paddles, txhua tus yog qhov loj me ntawm tus kheej.

Qhov chaw tseem ceeb yog ua haujlwm nrog lub trowel nrog qhov dav ua haujlwm, thiab rau cov ces kaum yuav tsum tau siv lub trowel me me.

Koj kuj tseem yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm nrog cov menyuam thiab, feem ntau yuav yog, ntau dua ib qho, txhawm rau ua haujlwm tau zoo hauv qhov chaw nyuaj mus txog hauv ntau theem. Qhov ntev tshaj plaws ntawm cov menyuam pawg yog ob rau peb millimeters. Cov txhuam txhuam txhuam yuav tsum tsis txhob hla ib qho, vim hais tias ua ntej txheej txheej saum npoo av, tsis muaj teeb meem yuav ua li cas nws yuav zoo li, yuav ua kom cov nplaum zoo dua ntawm cov tshuaj txhuam thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv. Lub tsev lossis qib laser yuav xav tau los ntsuas qhov sib npaug ntawm cov phab ntsa, thiab cov ntawv xuab zeb, ob qho loj thiab me, yuav xav tau los ntxuav qhov chaw.

Yog tias thaj chaw ntawm kev ua haujlwm loj, qhov hu ua phau ntawv tawv nqaij yuav dhau los ua tus pab tsis tseem ceeb . Nws yuav tuaj yeem kho cov ntawv xuab zeb los yog lub mesh rau nws nrog cov clamps - txoj hauv kev no tau nthuav dav thaj tsam ntawm thaj chaw thiab cov txheej txheem mus nrawm dua. Cov ntawv xuab zeb ntxhib yog xav tau rau kev pib ua haujlwm, thiab cov ntawv xuab zeb zoo yog muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau txheej txheej.

Txij li cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm yog spatula, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov thaum yuav nws tias lawv txawv. Muaj cov hniav txhawm rau ua haujlwm sab nrauv ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm cov tsev thiab cov cuab yeej rau kev pleev xim. Lub tuab ntawm cov hniav ntawm cov tha xim thav duab muaj tsawg dua li ntawm lub ntsej muag, thiab qhov dav ntawm cov hniav ntawm lub ntsej muag loj dua, vim tias nws tau tsim los ua haujlwm nrog thaj tsam loj dua.

Lub duav zoo yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm cov khoom siv tau zoo thiab muaj kev xis nyob thiab muaj zog tuav. Nws zoo dua yog tias nws yog rubberized thiab nruj nreem txuas rau qhov ua haujlwm. Qhov dav ntawm qhov ua haujlwm ntawm cov cuab yeej tuaj yeem yog 40 txog 60 centimeters (thaum ua haujlwm tseem ceeb), thiab rau kev sau cov chaw uas nkag mus tau yooj yim, qhov dav pom zoo yuav yog los ntawm rau rau kaum tsib centimeters. Yog tias chav me me, qhov dav 40 cm ua haujlwm saum npoo yuav txaus.

Cov ces kaum feem ntau yog muab tso nrog lub kaum ntse ntse, tab sis qee qhov txuj ci yuav tsum tau ua kom raug.

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub kaum ntse ntse yog los tsim cov duab nkhaus 90 degree.

Yuav thov li cas?

Ua ntej thov cov khoom siv, phab ntsa yuav tsum tau muab ntxuav kom huv ntawm cov xim qub lossis cov ntawv ntsa. Koj tuaj yeem daws qhov kev ua tsis zoo no los ntawm kev siv cov khoom tshwj xeeb uas muag hauv khw muag khoom nrog rau lwm cov khoom siv hauv tsev. Tom qab ntxuav tawm ntawm phab ntsa, chav nyob sab laug kom qhuav tsawg kawg ib hnub, tom qab uas cov phab ntsa tau ua tib zoo tshuaj xyuas cov seem me me, uas yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws tshem tawm siv riam tshwj xeeb los ua ke. Hloov chaw ntawm rab riam, nws raug tso cai siv lub yias nyias nyias, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tias nws tsis txhuam, vim nws tuaj yeem yooj yim khawb lossis tawg thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm.

Tom qab kuaj ua ntej ntawm phab ntsa npaj, koj yuav tsum txheeb xyuas lawv qhov kev pab. Qhov no yuav xav tau cov cuab yeej xws li txoj cai plastering thiab teeb nyem. Txoj cai tau siv rau ntawm phab ntsa, thiab lub teeb ntawm lub teeb yog qhia ncaj qha rau nws. Qhov no yuav pab txheeb xyuas qhov me me thiab pob, uas tom qab tuaj yeem cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau qhov zoo nkauj ntawm cov phab ntsa tom qab ua tiav zaum kawg. Lub teeb yuav pab koj pom txhua qhov tsis xws luag me me, uas tam sim ntawd raug tsoo los ntawm lub dav hlau lossis spatula, uas muaj lub hom phiaj txhawm rau. Lub qhov yog ua ntej taug nrog tus xaum xaum raws txoj kab ntawm lub teeb.

Ua ntej pib ua haujlwm, txhua yam cuab yeej tau ua tib zoo npaj. Nws yuav tsum tau ntxuav, qhuav thiab so qhuav nrog daim ntaub paj rwb. Cov ntaub so qhuav pov tseg tuaj yeem siv tau. Ua ntej siv cov ntawv txuas tshwj xeeb lossis sib tov sib xyaw, lawv tau ua tib zoo tshuaj xyuas cov kab ntawm kev ua haujlwm dhau los.

Txawm tias qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm cov qub putty sib tov yuav tsum raug tshem tawm.

Cov txheej txheem sib tov nws tus kheej yog qhov yooj yim heev, tab sis nws xav tau kev saib xyuas thiab raug. Yog tias lub thoob tsev tau siv ua lub ntim, ib feem plaub ntawm cov dej tau nchuav rau hauv nws, thiab yog tias ib txwm, rau tsev neeg, ib feem peb ntawm cov dej yuav txaus. Tsuas yog tom qab ntawd, qhov sib tov qhuav tau ua tib zoo nchuav rau hauv lub thoob, hauv qhov ua kom yuam kev, kom txog rau sab saum toj ntawm qhov swb uas tshwm los ntawm hauv qab dej. Tom qab 20-25 vib nas this, qhov swb yuav tsum tau ntim nrog dej thiab dab dej, tom qab ntawd nws yuav tsum tau sib xyaw kom huv. Tom qab sib tov, koj yuav tsum tau tos lwm feeb thiab sib tov txhua yam ntxiv, tom qab ntawd cov kua nplaum yuav npaj txhij rau daim ntawv thov.

Ib qho tseem ceeb: tsis muaj qhov xwm txheej twg koj yuav tsum ntxiv dej lossis ntxiv hmoov qhuav yog tias qhov sib tov twb tau npaj lawm. Ua ntej kneading, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tau saib xyuas ntev npaum li cas tom qab npaj cov khoom sib xyaw yuav haum rau kev ua haujlwm thiab yuav tsis qhuav. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj los ua batch batch.

Ib feem ntawm daim ntawv thov yuav tsum tsis txhob loj heev kom txuag tau cov ntaub ntawv thiab ua kom raug qhov tseeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Ntawm spatula, koj yuav tsum coj tus nqi ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg kom nws tuaj yeem siv nrog ib tus mob stroke. Qhov tsis xws luag me me yog txhuam nrog me me los yog nruab nrab spatula. Thaum grouting, kev txav ntawm txhais tes yuav tsum dav, thiab lub siab yuav tsum zoo ib yam, kom txog thaum txheej ntawm qhov sib tov sib npaug ntawm phab ntsa.

Qhuav qhov chaw ntub dej siv cov ntawv sau thiab, yog tias ua tau, ncaj qha tshav ntuj. "Txoj hauv kev nrawm" ua kom qhuav nrog cov cua sov thiab kiv cua tsis raug tso cai. Yog tias cov khoom sib xyaw tsis qhuav tawm ib txwm, nws yuav warp lossis tawg, thiab qhov no feem ntau tshwm sim nws tus kheej twb tau ua tiav thaum kho kom zoo nkauj, uas yuav tsum zam. Thaum ua kom cov cua nkag mus rau hauv chav, koj yuav tsum tsis txhob qhib lub sam thiaj qhov rooj kom tsis txhob raug qhov kub tshaj.

Qhov rooj hauv chav, qhov rooj rau chav ua noj, txoj kev hauv tsev, chav dej yuav tsum qhib.

Lub sijhawm ntau tshaj plaws rau kev ua kom qhuav ntawm cov putty yog 10-12 teev, tab sis qhov saum npoo yuav tsum tau xuab zeb tsis ntxov dua tom qab 24 teev. Lub sijhawm no, qhov sib xyaw ua ke yuav ruaj khov dua, uas yuav ua kom ob qho yooj yim ntawm kev ua haujlwm yav tom ntej, thiab ua kom zoo ib puag ncig.

Yog tias cov phab ntsa tau ua tiav rau lub hom phiaj ntawm gluing wallpaper, txoj haujlwm tau ua tiav thawj zaug nrog spatula dav, siv qhov sib xyaw ua ke hauv kab txaij thiab sib tshooj me ntsis (ntawm 10 txog 25%). Tuav lub cuab yeej ntawm lub kaum sab xis 20-30 degree, nrog lub siab tas li, kom tau txheej txheej tuab tuab - los ntawm ob txog plaub millimeters. Nws yuav tsum tau nyob hauv siab tias yog tias lub kaum sab xis ntawm cov hniav tsawg dua, tom qab ntawd txheej yuav tuab dua.

Tom qab ziab cov phab ntsa, cov hlaws raug tshem tawm siv cov cuab yeej txhuam . - tus koom nrog, thiab phab ntsa raug kuaj dua kom sib npaug los ntawm lub teeb los ntawm lub teeb nyem. Cov pob kuj tseem raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev txhuam, thiab lub qhov raug kaw nrog rab me me los yog siv tus kheej. Cov pib tshiab feem ntau tiv nrog kev ua haujlwm hauv ob peb txoj hauv kev, lub hom phiaj uas yog coj cov phab ntsa tiaj tus lossis rau xoom, kom siv cov lus ntawm cov kws tshaj lij txuj ci.

Tom qab phab ntsa tau "xoom" thiab qhuav, koj yuav xav tau cov sib txuas ua ke los zom cov nplaim (qhov loj me - ntawm 80 txog 120). Qhov ntau tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntawv xuab zeb muaj, qhov zoo dua nws cov qoob loo. Thawj qhov hla ntawm phab ntsa tau ua tiav txawm tias muaj cov lus tsa suab, tom qab uas cov viav vias tau ua nyob rau hauv txoj kev hla kom tshem cov voj voos. Phab ntsa tau rov kuaj dua kom zoo ib yam, thiab yog tias lub teeb pom kev zoo los ntawm lub teeb tsis mus deb, cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem txiav txim siab ua tiav. Tom qab kuaj xyuas, phab ntsa tau qhuav rau lwm hnub, thiab tom qab ntawd nws twb tau muab lo rau lawm.

Yog tias koj xav tau muab cov phab ntsa pleev xim rau, tom qab cov theem tseem ceeb ntawm kev pleev xim thiab nqa cov phab ntsa mus rau "xoom" nrog kev pleev xim, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau thov txheej txheej txheej kawg, uas tseem hu ua txheej txheej tiav.

Thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov ces kaum, muaj txoj hauv kev yooj yim tshaj plaws: thaum xub thawj, cov khoom siv me me tau tso tseg, uas, tom qab ziab, tau kho nrog abrasives. Cov ces kaum ntawm txoj kab nqes hav tau ua haujlwm nrog lub kaum ntse ntse, tom qab ntawd tshem tawm nrog txhuam thiab ntsuas cov phab ntsa kom sib luag.

Yog tias koj xav tau putty cov plasterboard nto tom qab ua ntej, koj yuav tsum xub muab cov iav fiberglass ntxig, thiab ua qhov no kom nws npog cov ces kaum thiab pob qij txha. Cov nqaws yuav tsum yog raws nraim hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub mesh. Cov pob qij txha nruab nrab ntawm cov ntawv los xij gypsum tau muab tso ua ke nrog ob lub ntsej muag: nruab nrab thiab dav. Ib yam li cov phab ntsa ib txwm, koj yuav tsum tshem tawm txhua qhov ua pob thiab qhov tsis xws luag kom tsis muaj teeb meem ntau ntxiv thaum txhuam. Ib txheej ntawm cov khoom sib tov yog sib npaug thov rau tag nrho cov nqaws thiab qib nrog ib qho nruab nrab spatula.

Cov ntsia hlau tau muab tso rau hauv kab hla kom lawv lub kaus mom tau muab zais.

Cov ces kaum hauv qhov no yuav nyuaj rau txheej txheem. Thawj kauj ruam yog txheej txheem ib sab ntawm lub ces kaum nrog qhov sib xyaw, raws li ib txwm muaj, thiab thaum ib nrab ntawm cov nqaws tau qhuav, ob sab tau ua. Yog li, lub seam yog zoo thiab txawm. Tom ntej no, koj yuav tsum txhim kho txhua qhov nqes ntawm lub qhov rooj thiab lub qhov rais nrog lub tsev kaum nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm txheej txheej. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los nias qhov sib xyaw rau hauv qhov profile nrog lub spatula me me kom tag nrho cov qhov qhib tau puv. Qhov saum npoo yog qib nrog lub trowel loj thiab dav.

Qhov ua tiav tiav ntawm plasterboard nto kuj tseem tsim nyog .kom phab ntsa tiaj tus li sai tau. Txhua qhov tsis xws luag yog xuab zeb kom ntseeg tau tias qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm qhov sib xyaw "zaum kawg". Nws raug nquahu kom siv cov khoom sib xyaw uas muaj fiberglass ua cov muab tshuaj ua kom tiav, koj kuj tseem tuaj yeem siv tib cov tshuaj uas tau siv thaum pib, tab sis ntawm qhov xwm txheej uas cov chaw tsim khoom zoo ib yam, txhawm rau zam teeb meem nrog nplaum. Qhov muab tshuaj txhuam zaum kawg yog nqa tawm nrog lub thoob dav, thiab cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog diluted kom tau txais qhov sib xws zoo li tsos rau qaub cream. Qhov no yuav ua kom ntseeg tau tias muaj pes tsawg leeg tau thov rau phab ntsa ntub dej.

Cov lus qhia pab tau

Thaum siv cov khoom sib tov qhuav, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tau saib xyuas kev yuav lub thawv yooj yim ua ntej. Nrog kev ua haujlwm loj, koj yuav tsum tsis txhob siv tag nrho cov sib xyaw ua ke hauv ib qho zaum, vim tias nws yuav qhuav qhuav hauv ob peb teev thiab tus tswv yuav tsis muaj sijhawm siv nws rau nws lub hom phiaj. Rau kev pom zoo thiab kev siv nyiaj txiag, nws yog qhov zoo dua los npaj cov sib xyaw ua ke hauv ob peb theem thiab ib txwm ua tib zoo saib seb yuav siv sijhawm ntev npaum li cas lossis lwm qhov kev xaiv putty. Lub sijhawm yuav txawv raws li nws muaj pes tsawg leeg.

Nws yuav zoo li tias nws yooj yim heev los npaj ib lub taub ntim rau sib tov cov khoom sib tov ., tab sis nws tsis yog li ntawd. Kev siv cov thoob uas muaj hnub nyoog dhau los nrog ntau qhov seem ntawm ntau yam sib xyaw ua kom haum rau sab hauv ntawm lub thawv ntim khoom tsis pom zoo. Hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib xyaw nrawm nrog lub tov khoom lossis cov khoom siv laum, cov khoom seem ntawm cov qub tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv cov pawg tshiab, uas yuav ua rau muaj kev tsis yooj yim thaum ua haujlwm. Kev tshem tawm cov tawv tawv qub los ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke tshiab yog qhov haujlwm tsis tsim nyog thiab tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, yog li nws zoo dua thaum xub thawj kom ntseeg tau tias lub khob huv si, tsis muaj cov xim pleev xim lossis xeb.

Thaum txhua txoj haujlwm tiav, ib tus yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab txog kev yaug tag nrho cov twj paj nruag. Yog tias koj tsis ua qhov no tam sim, cov ziab qhuav ntawm cov kua nplaum yuav tsum tau "ripped tawm" nrog rab riam, uas tuaj yeem ua rau lub spatula puas. Koj yuav tsum tau ntxuav qhov sib tov thaum nws ntub, thiab so cov cuab yeej ntxuav kom qhuav - ob leeg tuav thiab hniav. Yog tias koj tseem yuav tsum tau ua nrog cov twj tsis huv, tom qab ntawd txhawm rau ua kom cov khoom sib xyaw ua kom khov, koj tuaj yeem sim siv cov kuab tshuaj, txawm hais tias qhov no tsis ua haujlwm tas li. Hauv qhov xwm txheej phem tshaj, koj yuav tau siv rab riam lossis yuav ib lub cuab yeej tshiab.

Kev sib xyaw ntau dhau yuav tsum tsis txhob siv rau ntawm spatula . Nws yog qhov yuam kev xav tias muaj ntau qhov ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam, txhua qhov haujlwm yuav ua tiav sai dua. Nrog ntau qhov sib xyaw, qhov zoo ntawm txheej yuav ua rau tsis zoo, qhov saum npoo yuav dhau los ua pob thiab tsis sib luag, uas, ntawm chav kawm, yuav tsim ntau yam teeb meem hauv kev pleev xim ntxiv lossis muab phab ntsa tso rau. Qee tus qhia "tsis txhob thab plaub" nrog cov ntsiab lus me me, piav qhia qhov no los ntawm qhov tseeb tias tom qab thov txheej tuab ntawm qhov sib xyaw, koj tseem yuav tsum "xuab zeb" txhua yam nrog cov ntawv xuab zeb, tab sis qhov kev xav no yog yuam kev. Kev xuab zeb mus sij hawm ntev tsis tsuas yog ncua cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm, tab sis tseem tawm ntawm phab ntsa cov kev tsis xws uas yuav tsum tau ua kom du dua thiab rov ua dua, uas, ntawm chav kawm, yog qhov tsis tsim nyog kiag li.

Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj los ua haujlwm ntawm txhua phab ntsa hauv ib hnub kom cov av qhuav sib npaug. Thaum raug yuam kom tawg, ib feem ntawm phab ntsa uas tau qhuav tawm yuav tsum tau ntub nrog dej siv lub tshuab txau, thiab kev hloov pauv yuav tsum tau ua kom du nrog kev ntes ntawm txheej txheej ntub dej yav dhau los. Yog tias qhov saum npoo tau qhuav ntev, nws yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj dej ntau, yav tas los tau muab nws tso nrog cov menyuam.

Yog pom cov ntsia hlau nyob hauv phab ntsa, koj yuav tsis tuaj yeem raug ntxias los rauj lawv rov qab sai li sai tau, lossis, sib tham, rub lawv tawm nrog rab diav. Tsis muaj qhov xwm txheej yuav tsum ua qhov no, vim tias ib qho xim tha xim yog qhov hloov pauv tau thiab tsis yooj yim dua. Yog tias cov hniav puas lawm, kev ua haujlwm ntxiv yuav yooj yim dua. Thaum ua haujlwm nrog "teeb meem" phab ntsa, nws yog qhov zoo dua ib txwm muaj "arsenal" ntxiv ntawm cov cuab yeej nrog koj - zoo li rauj lossis ntsia ntsia hlau. Yog tias cov ntsia hlau tsis rub tawm lossis tus tswv tau txiav txim siab tias nws yuav zoo dua rau nws rau hauv nws phab ntsa, ib tus yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab txog kev ua tib zoo ntim lub kaus mom nrog lub taub me me.

Nws tsis pom zoo kom yuav cov khoom siv pheej yig dhau , txawm tias lawv tsis tshua siv yav tom ntej. Qhov hu ua "pov tseg" cov hniav feem ntau tawg lossis lawv qhov chaw ua haujlwm tau npog nrog khawb twb nyob hauv thawj teev ntawm tus txheej txheem, uas yuav cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau qhov zoo. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los yuav cov khoom hauv khw muag khoom kho vajtse uas ntseeg tau lossis yuav txhua yam koj xav tau cais, yam tsis raug dag los ntawm tus nqi pheej yig.

Kev ua haujlwm putty nrog koj txhais tes thawj zaug yog teeb meem, tab sis nthuav, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias muaj lub sijhawm los sab laj nrog tus kws paub dhau los uas tuaj yeem muab cov lus qhia muaj txiaj ntsig hauv tus txheej txheem. Yog tias tus tswv pib muaj lub siab ntev txaus thiab ua siab ntev kom ua tiav nws lub hom phiaj, txhua yam yuav ua tiav.