Cib Liab (37 Duab): Muaj Pes Tsawg Leeg Thiab Ib Qho Ntawm Ib Nrab Hollow Khoom, Cov Npe Thiab Cov Yam Ntxwv Ntawm Cov Cib Zoo Tib Yam, Lawv Tau Ua Li Cas?

2024 Tus sau: Beatrice Philips | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-18 12:13

Cib liab liab yog raug lees paub tias yog cov khoom siv nrov tshaj plaws hauv tsev thiab paub zoo. Lub tsev ua los ntawm nws tuaj yeem pom ntawm txhua txoj kev. Ntau lub tsev tau tsim los ntawm cov ntsiab lus zoo li no, los ntawm kev tsim kho mus rau ntau lub tsev. Hnub no peb yuav ua tib zoo saib cov ntaub ntawv tsev uas neeg nyiam no thiab nrhiav seb yam twg muaj nyob.

Qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo

Cib liab, zoo li ntau lwm yam khoom siv hauv tsev, muaj ob sab zoo thiab tsis zoo. Koj yuav tsum tau paub koj tus kheej nrog lawv yog tias koj npaj yuav cov khoom lag luam zoo li no.

Ua ntej, cia saib seb cov khoom no zoo rau dab tsi

• Cib liab liab khav theeb muab kev pab lub neej ntev tsis poob nws qhov ntxim nyiam.
• Cov khoom siv hauv tsev no tau nthuav tawm hauv qhov dav tshaj plaws. Ntau yam duab thiab ntau thiab tsawg tuaj yeem nrhiav tau yooj yim ntawm lub khw muag khoom tsim nyog. Los ntawm lawv nws yuav dhau los ua cov qauv ntawm cov qauv sib txawv heev.
• Cov khoom siv hauv tsev no raug lees paub tias yog ib qho yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab tsis muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg hauv kev tso, yog li ob tus kws tshaj lij thiab cov pib ua haujlwm tuaj yeem ua haujlwm nrog nws.
• Cov tsev tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv raw no muaj suab zoo.

• Cov cib liab liab zoo yog tsis ntshai qhov ntub dej ntau thiab cov dej noo, yog li koj tuaj yeem tsim chav zoo li chav da dej los ntawm nws.
• Cib liab liab qhuav sai yog tias nws ntub.
• Ua tsaug rau cov khoom siv no, qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws microclimate tau tsim hauv lub tsev, uas yog qhov zoo siab tau nyob hauv.
• Tus lej ntawm qhov tsis xws uas yuav tshwm rau ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev no tuaj yeem tshem tawm ntawm nws tus kheej.
• Ua cib liab liab kom raug yog tsis ntshai qhov qis lossis qhov kub siab.
• Lub ntsej muag cib yog qhov txawv ntawm txoj kev zoo nkauj, yog li nws feem ntau siv rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ntsib.
• Cov khoom siv hauv tsev no yog ib puag ncig zoo thiab tsis ua mob rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv lossis ib puag ncig.

Hmoov tsis zoo, pob zeb liab tsis yog tsis muaj nws qhov tsis zoo. Cia peb xav txog lawv.

• Cov phab ntsa tsa los ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev no tsis zoo vim tias cov dej ntws tawm los ua rau pom tau tam sim ntawd. Raws li txoj cai, qhov tsis xws luag tshwm sim vim yog siv cov tshuaj tsis zoo lossis cov khoom siv nws tus kheej.
• Cov cib hws tsis tuaj yeem khav theeb ntawm kev ntseeg siab, txij li thaum lub caij txias lawv tau tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cuam tshuam rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm dej. Hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, cov khoom no pib zuj zus. Cov kua nyob hauv cov cib ntawm qhov kub qis tuaj yeem ua rau nws tawg tau yooj yim.
• Cov cib sib txawv tuaj yeem muaj qhov sib txawv me ntsis hauv qhov ntxoov ntxoo, uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov duab tag nrho thaum ntsib.
• Hauv cov khw muag khoom niaj hnub no, muaj ntau zaus ntau ntawm cov cib liab liab uas tsis zoo. Raws li txoj cai, lawv tau nthuav tawm raws li cov khoom lag luam zoo, tab sis qhov tseeb lawv tawm ntau qhov xav tau. Hauv ntau qhov xwm txheej, thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, nws tsuas yog qhov tsis muaj tseeb los txheeb xyuas tus cib thib ob.
• Thaum xaiv qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws, tsis muaj txoj hauv kev los tshuaj xyuas tag nrho lawv cov txiaj ntsig yam tsis tau hu rau cov kws tshaj lij thiab cov chaw kuaj tshwj xeeb.

Yam ntxwv thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg

Cib liab yog ib yam khoom siv hauv tsev uas ntau tus neeg siv tig mus. Lub tsev thiab tsev ntawm ntau yam teeb tsa tau tsim los ntawm nws. Cov khoom siv hauv tsev no muaj qee tus yam ntxwv uas yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab thaum xaiv nws.

• Lub zog yam ntxwv . Liab cib liab yog cov khoom siv tsev ruaj khov. Qhov ntsuas no tau teev tseg los ntawm tsab ntawv "M" thiab tus lej. Koj yuav tsum xyuam xim rau cov npe no thaum xaiv cov khoom lag luam zoo thiab tsim nyog. Muaj cib "M" 25-100. Qhov siab dua ntawm cov cim digital, qhov ua rau pom tau zoo dua cov khoom tuaj yeem tiv taus ib 1 sq. cm.
• Kuj tiv taus te . Kev tsis kam mus rau qhov ntsuas kub tsawg yog ntsuas los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov voj voog. Txhua lub voj voog muaj 2 txheej txheem tseem ceeb - ua ntej, lub cib tau rhaub rau hauv dej rau 8 teev, thiab tom qab ntawd nws tau txav mus rau lub tub yees rau lub sijhawm sib xws. Qib ntawm kev tiv taus te yog txiav txim siab thaum lub sijhawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev hloov qee yam ntawm nws cov yam ntxwv.
• Kev ua kom sov . Cov yam ntxwv no tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb tsawg dua qhov ua kom zoo ib yam. Cov coefficient ntawm kev ua kom sov qhia tau tias cov cua sov tuaj yeem hla dhau ntawm phab ntsa nrog tuab ntawm 1 meter nyob rau qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov kub sib txawv ntawm 1 degree ntawm ob sab. Qhov ntsuas no ntsuas hauv watts. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj nws yog, qhov tsis muaj zog ua kom sov cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev yog.

Muaj 5 pawg sib txawv ntawm cov cib liab zoo. Txhua tus ntawm lawv yog qhov tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev muaj peev xwm muaj cua sov hauv sab hauv ntawm chav uas twb muaj lawm. Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus thermal conductivity yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm hom cib.

Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev no ncaj qha rau ntawm cov khoom siv tam sim no hauv nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Nws tuaj yeem tau txais cov khoom lag luam zoo siv av nplaum zoo. Yog li, lub ntsej muag hom cib tau txais los ntawm cov av nplaum zoo. Cov khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws tau txiav txim siab ua los ntawm cov av nplaum tsis muaj cov tshuaj ntxiv. Feem ntau, cov cib ua los ntawm cov av nplaum uas tsis haum rau kev npaj lwm cov tais diav.

Nws tseem yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias hauv kev tsim cov cib liab, cov khoom siv feem ntau siv, cov ntsiab lus ntawm uas muaj:

• kaolinite;
• tsis paub ntawv;
• montmorillonite;
• quartz.

Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov av nplaum npaj rau kev tsim cov cib muaj xws li:

• cov yas zoo - cov khoom siv raw yuav tsum tsis txhob tawg, yog tias kneaded, thiab yuav tsum khaws nws cov duab (tsawg dua me ntsis koj tuaj yeem pom cov av nplaum uas tsis yog yas kiag li);
• muaj peev xwm khi tau - av nplaum tseem muaj yas txaus tom qab ntxiv cov khoom siv pabcuam;
• shrinkage - qhov no, qhov hloov pauv me me txhais tau tias thaum ziab thiab tua;
• sintering cuab yeej - ntawm no peb txhais tau tias muaj peev xwm ua kom tawv thaum ua kom sov;
• hluav taws tsis kam - thaum cua sov, av nplaum yuav tsum tsis txhob yaj.

Muaj ntau zaus, hauv kev tsim cov cib liab liab zoo, tsis yog siv av nplaum nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj muaj ntau yam ntxiv. Lawv tso cai rau koj mus xaus nrog cov khoom siv txhim khu kev qha thiab ntxim nyiam. Cov tshuaj ntxiv no suav nrog:

• slag, tshauv thiab xuab zeb;
• thee thiab peat hmoov, sawdust;
• hlau ore;
• zeb zeb;
• hlau oxide.

Lawv ua li cas?

Cov thev naus laus zis los ua cov cib liab liab zoo yog qhov yooj yim heev thiab yooj yim. Hauv qhov no, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum xaiv cov ntaub ntawv raw kom raug thiab txheej txheem lawv muaj peev xwm. Kev ua thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm no tau ua tiav hauv ntau theem. Qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom pom, pom thiab tus qauv ntawm cov khoom siv tsev nyiam tsim los ntawm cov theem hauv qab no.

• Thawj kauj ruam yog zom cov av nplaum. Tom qab ntawd, nws tau sib xyaw kom zoo rau lub sijhawm ntev kom txog thaum sib xws ua homogeneous.
• Tom qab ntawd, cov khoom siv ntxiv tau qhia thiab cov khoom tau muab rau qhov xav tau.
• Tom qab ntawd cov cib raug nthuav tawm kom qhuav kom cov dej noo tawm ntawm lawv. Nws yuav tsum ua kom qeeb ntawm txhua sab (sab hauv ib yam nkaus). Yog tias tau ua yuam kev nyob rau theem no, tom qab ntawd cov cib ua tau tsuas yog tawg thiab tawg.
• Tom ntej no, cov khoom siv raug rho tawm ntawm qhov kub ntawm 800 degrees. Qhov siab dua qhov melting point, qhov khov kho ntawm ib feem ntawm cov khoom yuav sib koom ua ke. Hauv qhov no, cov khoom siv masonry yuav tsis raug kev puas tsuaj lossis deformation.

Cov kws tshaj lij hais tias kev muaj peev xwm tua cov cib liab liab tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm lub suab. Nws yuav tsum zoo heev thiab meej ntawm qhov cuam tshuam. Qhov ntsuas no yuav qhia qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom.

Yog tias lub cib tau yaj rau ntev dhau los lossis nyob rau qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov kub siab dhau, tom qab ntawd sab hauv yuav tig dub. Xws li (raug rho tawm tsis raug) cov khoom siv hauv tsev tsis tuaj yeem yuav rau kev tsim cov phab ntsa uas muaj lub nra hnyav no.

Saib

Tam sim no, muaj ntau ntau yam ntawm cov cib liab. Lawv txawv nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov yam ntxwv.

Tej hub Hom cib liab no tau lees paub tias yog tus qauv thiab feem ntau. Cov vuas luaj ceramic yog ua los ntawm cov av nplaum ci lossis ua ke ntawm ob peb yam ntawm nws ntau yam (feem ntau tsis ntau dua 3).

Silicate . Xws li lub cib tau ua hauv qhov tshwj xeeb autoclave. Hauv qhov no, siv xuab zeb thiab txiv qaub. Cov xim ntawm cov khoom tiav yog nyob ntawm cov khoom siv siv.

Ntiag tug Nws yog cov khoom siv xim liab yooj yim siv hauv kev tsim kho cov phab ntsa, cesspools thiab lwm lub hauv paus zoo sib xws.

Tom qab ntawd, nws tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ntau lub tsev sib xyaw, piv txwv li, plaster.

Ntsej muag . Pawg no suav nrog cov nplaim hluav taws thiab cov plooj (porcelain) cib, txheej sab saum toj uas tau npog nrog cov chips tshwj xeeb. Cov kev xaiv zoo li no tau siv rau lub hom phiaj ntawm cladding thiab ua haujlwm zoo nkauj. Xws li ntau yam yog tus nqi siab.

Hollow . Hom pob zeb liab no yog ntxeem tau thiab muaj ntau qhov ntawm qhov sib txawv. Nws muaj cov khoom cua sov zoo.

Corpulent . Qhov no yog cib uas tsis muaj qhov hws. Cov ntaub ntawv zoo li no feem ntau muaj cov cua sov tsis zoo, tab sis yog ntom.

Convex . Hom pob zeb liab no muaj nyob hauv ib thiab ib nrab thiab ib leeg. Lawv muaj cov qauv uas tsis yog tus qauv thiab raug nqi ntau dua li cov av nplaum piv txwv.

Nyiaj muas

Thaum xaiv qhov tsim nyog ntau ntawm cov cib liab, koj yuav tsum tau them nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau nws cov cim. Yog li, qhov ntsuas ntawm qhov siab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no tau qhia raws li hauv qab no:

• 1 NF (xaiv ib leeg) - 6.5 cm;
• 1,4 NF (ib thiab ib nrab) - 8, 8 cm;
• 2,1 NF (ob npaug) - 14 cm.

Nws yog qhov tsis tshua muaj neeg nyob hauv Lavxias lag luam kom pom cov cib cim nrog 0, 7 NF - cov no yog cov kev xaiv uas yog koom nrog "Euro" qeb. Lawv qhov siab qhov ntsuas yog tus qauv thiab yog 6.5 cm, tab sis qhov dav yog qhov siab - 8.5 cm.

Lwm lub cib liab tau nruab nrog lub cim hauv daim ntawv "M" thiab cov lej los ntawm 50 txog 300. Cov ntsuas no qhia qhov siab tshaj plaws (raws li tau hais ua ntej - nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm 1 degree ntawm ob sab). Yog li, cov khoom lag luam nrog cim M50 tsuas yog siv tau hauv kev tsim cov laj kab lossis faib khoom.

Raws li rau txhua hom phab ntsa, nws raug nquahu kom siv cib ntawm M75 lossis M100 hom. Yog tias koj xav tau los tsim cov qauv zoo nkauj arched, tom qab ntawd koj yuav tsum xa mus rau cov ntaub ntawv nrog cov khoom lag luam tsis qis dua M125. Rau kev npaj plinths thiab cov hauv paus, nws tsim nyog siv cib M175 thiab M150, ntxiv rau siv lwm yam, cov ntaub ntawv ruaj khov dua.

Cov ntawv thov

Kev nthuav dav ntawm daim ntawv thov siv cov cib liab liab zoo yog dav heev. Cov ntaub ntawv thov hauv tsev no tau siv hauv kev tsim cov hauv paus hauv qab no:

• phab ntsa;
• laj kab;
• arched lug;
• muab faib;
• kev taug kev;
• thaiv thiab txhawb nqa cov qauv;
• kho kom zoo nkauj tiav / cladding;
• qhov cub;
• chim chim;
• hauv kev tsim cov ncu;
• lub hauv paus thiab plinths yog ua los ntawm cov cib.

Peb tseem yuav tsum tau hais txog cov cib tsis ntev los no nrov heev nrog rau "kev laus" cov nyhuv. Nws ua rau ntxim nyiam ib nrab-antique tsim. Piv txwv, nws tuaj yeem yog lub qhov cub "qub". Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov khoom no, koj tuaj yeem hloov pauv qhov tsos ntawm sab hauv, muab nws tshwj xeeb style thiab nqaij.

Yuav xaiv li cas?

Thaum xaiv cov khoom kom raug rau cov pob zeb liab uas nrov thiab ruaj, koj yuav tsum tau them nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau qhov tsis tseem ceeb hauv qab no.

• Qhov ntev Thaum xaiv cov cib liab, xyuam xim rau nws qhov ntsuas tsis tau. Yog li, cov txheej txheem xaiv muaj qhov ntev - 250x120x65 mm, ib thiab ib nrab (modular) - 250 × 120 × 88 mm thiab 250 × 120 × 130 mm, nqaim - 250 × 60 × 65 mm, nyias - 250 × 22 × 65 mm. Thiab tseem qhov hnyav / ntom ntawm cov khoom xaiv yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account raws li nws cov qauv (hollow lossis tag nrho lub cev).
• Tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj . Txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv uas koj xaiv ua tib zoo. Yuav tsum tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj loj lossis tawg ntawm cov cib liab liab zoo. Ib qho ntxiv, cov khoom lag luam yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj xim daj daj - qhov no yuav qhia tau tias cov khoom tsis raug rho tawm kom raug. Koj yuav tsum tsoo lub cib - lub suab los ntawm lub tshuab yuav tsum tsis txhob muffled.
• Lub zog . Xyuas kom cov cib koj xaiv muaj zog thiab ntseeg tau. Txhawm rau sim cov khoom no, koj tuaj yeem tsoo lub hauv paus nrog rauj. Cov qib qis hauv kev xaiv tom qab cov tshev no tig mus rau hauv cov pob zeb tawg, cov khoom nruab nrab lub zog tau tawg mus rau hauv ob peb daim me me tom qab tshuab, thiab ntau lub zog muaj zog ntau yam ntawm cov cib tsuas yog ci thaum tsoo.

• Tsis xws luag . Ua tib zoo saib ntawm cov cib liab liab. Nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev no, feem ntau pom cov xim dawb tau pom, sawv cev rau kev sib yuav uas tshwm sim vim tshwm sim ntawm cov ntsev tov rau ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev. Qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov cib mus rau qhov dej ntws tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm cov txheej txheem ib txwm muaj. Txog qhov no, kev tshuaj xyuas tshwj xeeb tshuaj feem ntau yog ua tiav.
• Tus neeg muag khoom zoo . Cov kws tshaj lij pom zoo kom yuav cov cib liab los ntawm cov muag khoom ntseeg uas muaj lub koob npe zoo hauv koj lub nroog. Ib qho ntxiv, nws tsis tau qhia kom yuav cov khoom lag luam pheej yig dhau, vim tias lawv yuav tsis zoo.

Tsis txhob hla ntawm yuav cov cib liab yog tias koj npaj yuav tsim lub tsev zoo thiab ruaj khov.