Cib Ua Los Ntawm Dab Tsi? Lub Cib Ua Los Ntawm Dab Tsi? Muaj Pes Tsawg Leeg Thiab Kev Faib Ua Feem Ntawm Kev Tsim Khoom

2024 Tus sau: Beatrice Philips | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-18 12:13

Muaj ntau qhov zoo uas ua rau cov cib yog ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xav tau tom qab tsim tsev. Ntxiv nrog rau qhov loj me me thiab cov duab yooj yim, pob zeb dag no khav theeb lub zog, ua kom ntev thiab zoo nkauj, uas yog vim li cas nws tau siv ntev heev thiab yuav luag txhua qhov txhia chaw.

Kuj tseem ceeb yog cov thev naus laus zis uas ua cov cib ua - raws li txheej txheem txheej txheem uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tau txais cov khoom siv nrog txhua tus yam ntxwv uas cov neeg siv khoom xav tau.

Muaj pes tsawg leeg nyob ntawm hom

Ntawm txhua hom cib, ob qho yog nrov tshaj plaws - ceramic thiab silicate, tseem hu ua liab thiab dawb, feem.

Lawv txawv hauv cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no

• Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm cov nplaim hluavtaws ceramic yog av nplaum. Cov khoom siv no muaj qhov zoo nkauj zoo nkauj, ua kom lub suab nrov thiab ua kom sov sov hauv chav.
• Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm silicate cib, ua nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam los ntawm kev kub siab thiab ua pa, muab rau qhov muaj cov xuab zeb thiab txiv qaub. Kev ua raws li cov thev naus laus zis tso cai rau koj kom tau txais cov khoom ruaj thiab pheej yig uas tuaj yeem tiv taus kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.

Nws kuj tseem yuav tsum tau hais txog cov cib hluav taws xob ua los ntawm chamotte nrog ntxiv ntawm coke lossis graphite - cov khoom uas ua rau nws lub zog muaj zog.

Lwm yam tshuaj pleev ib ce ntau yam tau ntsib, kev tsim khoom uas cuam tshuam nrog kev siv cov cement, limestone thiab cov xim muaj. Xws li lub cib, ua los ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis, tsis tsuas yog muaj qhov zoo nkauj zoo nkauj, tab sis kuj yog lub neej ua haujlwm zoo.

Muab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm ntau yam liab thiab dawb, lawv yuav tsum raug txiav txim siab kom ntxaws - uas yuav ua tiav tom ntej.

Tej hub

Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm hom cib no yog av nplaum zoo tib yam. Nws yog cov ntxhia loj uas:

• ua yas thaum dej ntxiv rau nws;
• khaws nws cov duab thaum ziab;
• hardens raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tua, nce lub zog piv rau ntuj pob zeb.

Lub hauv paus ntawm cov av nplaum siv tsim nyog tau txais kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb. Nyob ntawm qhov tob, nws tuaj yeem muaj cov khoom sib txawv - ob qho tib si haum rau kev tsim cov cib thiab tsis ua tau raws li qhov xav tau tsim.

Yog tias peb tawm ib feem uas feem ntau tsim los ntawm cov av nplaum, tom qab ntawd nws yog kaolinite - ib qho ntawm cov dej tsis zoo aluminium silicates. Tsis tas li, cov khoom siv raw siv tuaj yeem suav nrog montmorillonite, illite, quartz thiab lwm yam khoom xyaw me.

Ntxiv nrog rau av nplaum, cov cib ua vaj huam sib luag tau tsim los ntawm lwm cov khoom uas yog cov tshuaj ntxiv. Lawv tau siv los faib qee yam khoom rau tsim cov khoom lag luam, thiab cov tseem ceeb yog cov hauv qab no.

• Emaciated - tshauv, xuab zeb, slag. Txhawb kev tsim cov pawg zoo dua thiab txo qis dua.
• Hlawv tawm - sawdust, hmoov av lossis peat. Lawv nce qhov porosity ntawm cov khoom, uas ib txwm txo nws qhov ntom.
• Xim - raws li txoj cai, nws yog xim hlau oxides. Lawv muab cov khoom xav tau xim lossis ntxoov ntxoo.

Ib qho ntxiv, nws tsim nyog hais txog cov hlau ua cov hlau thiab cov xuab zeb, kev siv uas tso cai rau koj kom tswj tau qhov kub thiab txias.

Tsis tas li, cov yas tuaj yeem siv tau - cov tshuaj ntxiv uas txo qis qhov yuav ua rau tawg ntawm cov khoom siv ceramic. Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm txhua qhov ntawm cov khoom xyaw tau teev tseg yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom xav tau thiab / lossis txoj cai tsim khoom.

Silicate

Kev tsim cov cib dawb muaj kev siv peb yam yuav tsum tau ua, cov npe uas yog raws li hauv qab no.

Xuab zeb … Nws tuaj yeem yog ob qho tib si ntuj thiab khoom cuav. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog tias cov nplej siv tau zoo ib yam thiab muaj qhov loj ntawm 0.1 txog 5 hli. Tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb tsawg yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov xuab zeb (thaum muaj cov ces kaum ntse, lawv muab cov nplaum zoo dua). Yam yuavtsum tau kawm uantej yog ua kom huv ntawm cov khoom siv los ntawm kev suav nrog lwm yam.

Qhov pom zoo feem ntawm cov xuab zeb hauv cov nplais silicate yog 85 txog 90%.

• Txiv qaub … Txhawm rau kom tau txais cov khoom no, siv cov khoom siv raw, uas yog cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm calcium carbonate (90% lossis ntau dua) - ua ntej tshaj plaws, limestone thiab chalk. Ua ntej tua ntawm qhov kub txog li 1150 ° C, pob zeb npaj tau tawg mus rau qhov loj me tsis pub tshaj 10 cm. Thaum ua tiav cov txheej txheem teev tseg, cov kua qaub tau ntxiv rau cov cib silicate (qhov zoo tshaj yog 7%).
• Dej … Cov khoom xyaw no xav tau los daws ob txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb - slaking cov txiv qaub thiab muab cov yas rau cov khoom tsim. Nws tau siv nyob rau txhua theem ntawm kev tsim cov cib silicate.

Feem ntau, kev tsim cov khoom piav qhia cuam tshuam nrog kev siv cov khoom ntxiv uas tsim nyog los muab cov khoom lag luam yam xav tau

• Tshuaj lom neeg sib txuas … Ib qho piv txwv yog titanium dioxide, vim tias cov cib silicate nyob twj ywm dawb kom ntev li ntev tau.
• Cheebtsam uas ua rau kom tiv taus te … Feem ntau, txhawm rau daws qhov teeb meem no, cov khoom lag luam ua khoom siv tau siv, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txo qis kev ua kom sov ntawm cov khoom los ntawm 10-12%.
• Dyes … Lawv tau siv rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas cov chaw tsim khoom xav tau muab cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntxoov ntxoo lossis lub suab nrov.

Cov av nplaum nthuav dav kuj tseem tsim nyog hais txog - ib qho ntxiv uas tuaj yeem daws teeb meem ob zaug ib zaug. Ntxiv rau qhov pom pom nce hauv kev ua kom sov ntawm cov khoom siv silicate, nws muab lawv cov xim kas fes zoo nkauj, ua tsaug uas lawv saib zoo dua.

Kev siv tshuab ntau lawm

Nyob ntawm seb hom cib ua, lawv cov khoom tsim muaj nws tus yam ntxwv. Qhov no yog vim qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom xyaw siv, uas yuav tsum tau siv ntau yam txheej txheem thev naus laus zis.

Liab

Muaj ob txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov cib ceramic - ib nrab qhuav molding thiab yas. Qhov tom kawg, uas yog neeg nyiam dua, cuam tshuam nrog kev hais daws ib qib zuj zus ntawm cov haujlwm hauv qab no.

• Kev npaj ntawm lub ntsiab tivthaiv - av nplaum. Nws raug tso cai suav nrog cov tshuaj ntxiv hauv qhov sib xyaw - tsis pub ntau tshaj 1/3 ntawm nws cov nyiaj tag nrho. Hauv qhov no, feem ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 1.2 hli.
• Hloov ntawm qhov npaj loj rau ntxiv molding.
• Kev faib ntawm ib qho kev sib koom ua ke rau hauv qhov ntau thiab tsawg.

• Qhuav ntawm tej hub cib.
• Perforation ntawm cov khoom (cuam tshuam hauv cov xwm txheej uas cov khoom yuav tsum tau ua hollow).
• Hlawv. Hom kev ua haujlwm no muab rau kev hloov pauv kub hauv qhov cub tawg (thawj zaug, thiab tom qab ntawd hloov pauv). Ua raws txoj cai no tso cai rau koj kom tsis txhob muaj qhov tawg ntawm cov cib vim qhov kub hloov pauv sai.

Raws li rau kev tsim cov cib ua los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm ib nrab qhuav moulding, nws cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem hauv qab no:

• kev npaj cov ntaub ntawv raw thiab lawv cov kev sib tsoo;
• ziab thiab rov ua dua tshiab;
• me ntsis humidification nrog chav;
• rov ziab;
• tshem tawm qhov kawg ntawm cov dej noo los ntawm cov khoom lag luam ceramic.

Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los hais txog kev tsim cov cib liab hauv tsev: hauv txoj kev no nws muaj peev xwm ua tau kom muaj lub cev "nyoos" ntau yam ntawm cov khoom no.

Txhawm rau daws qhov teeb meem no, nws yog qhov tsim nyog:

• ua ib lub pob los ntawm cov av sib xyaw ua ke, yav tas los moistened nrog dej;
• ua tib zoo tshuaj xyuas cov qauv tom qab 4 hnub - rau qhov muaj qhov tsis sib xws thiab qhov tawg;
• muab tias tsis muaj qhov tsis xws pom, lub pob yuav tsum poob rau hauv av;
• yog tias qhov piv txwv tsis dhau qhov kev ntsuas lub zog, nws cov ntawv yuav tsum tau ntxiv nrog cov khoom tsim nyog.

Thaum ua tiav tag nrho cov txheej txheem kev npaj, qhov sib tov yuav tsum tau muab faib ua cov ntawv ua los ntawm ntoo. Cov khoom lag luam uas ua tiav tiav yuav raug tso tseg kom qhuav hauv qhov ntxoov ntxoo, tom qab ntawd lawv tuaj yeem siv rau kev tsim kho lub teeb ib lub tsev.

Txhawm rau ua rau thaj chaw ruaj khov dua, nws raug nquahu kom npog lawv nrog cov xim pleev xim lossis cov tshuaj cement zoo.

Dawb

Ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov cib-txiv qaub cib yog qhov nyuaj, uas tsis tso cai daws qhov teeb meem no hauv tsev. Tshwj xeeb, qhov no tau piav qhia los ntawm cov npe muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov cuab yeej tsim nyog - cov khoom siv thauj khoom thiab cov thauj khoom, cov khoom sib tsoo thiab cov neeg sib tw, cov khoom sib tov thiab cov autoclaves, cov crane thiab cov thauj khoom.

Muaj ob txoj hauv kev tsim khoom tseem ceeb rau cov khoom raws li kev txiav txim siab - nruas thiab txhab.

Silicate cib tsim tshuab suav nrog cov theem hauv qab no:

• tshuaj xyuas thiab npaj cov khoom tseem ceeb - xuab zeb thiab txiv qaub (thawj qhov sib cais los ntawm kev suav nrog loj, thiab qhov thib ob yog zom);
• sib tov ntawm cov khoom ua raws los ntawm kev tsaws hauv lub bunker;
• sib tsoo qhov sib tov thiab ntxiv dej rau nws;
• slaking ntawm cov txiv qaub, nqa tawm hauv lub nruas lossis txhab (txiav txim siab los ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom xaiv);
• tshem tawm cov dej noo los ntawm cov xuab zeb;
• molding nrog xovxwm;
• kev kho cua sov hauv qhov cub autoclave (qhov ntsuas pom zoo - 180-190 ° С, siab - 10 atmospheres).

Nyob rau theem kawg, qhov kub thiab txias tau maj mam txo. Thaum ua tiav tag nrho cov txheej txheem uas tau teev tseg los ntawm thev naus laus zis, cov khoom siv tau npaj ua cov xuab zeb-pob zeb cib tau ntim thiab xa mus rau cov neeg siv khoom.

Raug hom

Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kho cua sov ntawm cov cib ceramic, hu ua tua hluav taws, tsim nyog tau txais kev txiav txim siab cais. Nws sawv cev rau theem kawg ntawm kev tsim cov khoom no thiab muab rau qhov muaj 3 theem - cua sov, tua nws tus kheej thiab txias.

• Cov cib raug rhaub kom kub txog 120 ° C kom tshem cov dej seem ntawm lawv.
• Txhawm rau tshem tawm kev suav nrog cov hauv paus chiv keeb thiab cov av noo kawg, qhov kub tau nce mus rau 600 ° C, thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau 950 ° C, uas ua rau cov khoom muaj zog ntxiv.
• Thaum ua tiav ntawm cov tawv tawv, cov cib tau txias, maj mam txo qhov kub.

Yog tias siv thev naus laus zis ua raws, cov khoom lag luam nrog cov qauv zoo ib yam thiab cov xim txiv kab ntxwv-liab yuav tau txais.

Kuv kuj tseem xav hais txog ob hom cuab yeej siv los daws qhov teeb meem tau piav qhia saum toj no

• Qhov av … Nws yog lub tshuab ua kom sov ntev, suav nrog 3 chav, sab hauv uas cov ntsia hlau rau thauj cov cib ceramic. Hauv thawj chav, cov khoom tau qhuav, hauv qhov thib ob - tua hluav taws, thiab qhov thib peb - txias.
• Ib xyoos ib zaug … Tus tsim ntawm lub tshuab ua kom sov no xav tias muaj coob leej ntawm cov ntu cais, uas muaj lawv tus kheej cov cua sov thiab tau muab tso rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub nplhaib. Nws qhov tshwj xeeb yog cov cib mus hla txhua qhov kev tua hluav taws yam tsis tau tawm ntawm qhov txwv ntawm ib chav. Yog li, qhov chaw nyob ib sab muab cov cua sov pib, kev ua kom tiav yog ua los ntawm nws tus kheej cov cua sov, thiab qhov txias ntawm cov khoom tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm ntu tom ntej.

Yog li, kev paub txog kev tsim cov cib ua rau nws muaj peev xwm kom tau txais cov khoom muaj zog, zoo nkauj thiab hnav-tiv taus los ntawm cov khoom tawg yooj yim thiab tsis yooj yim, uas yog thawj qhov tsis muaj nqis rau tus tsim.