Chipboard (58 Duab): Nws Yog Dab Tsi? Txiav Txim Siab, Ntom Ntom-resistant Laminated Chipboard, Cov Khoom Lag Luam, Cov Khoom Ntawm Phab Ntsa Vaj Huam Sib Luag Thiab Kev Tsim Khoom

2024 Tus sau: Beatrice Philips | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 05:41

Cov lus piav qhia ntawm laminated chipboard thiab nkag siab txog qhov nws yog qhov tsim nyog kiag li rau kev kho thiab tsim kho, yam tsawg kawg rau kev sib piv lwm yam. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb heev kom nkag siab thaum xaiv cov khoom, qhov ntom ntom ntom-resistant laminated chipboard, yam kev xaiv twg muaj rau lawv siv, cov khoom lag luam twg yuav tsum ntseeg. Ib qho ntxiv, nws yog qhov tsim nyog, tau kawg, los kawm txog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov phab ntsa thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lawv cov khoom, tshuaj xyuas cov khoom zoo li no los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom.

Nws yog dab tsi?

Ua ntej, nws tsim nyog taw qhia tias kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov ntawv luv chipboard txhais tau tias tsis muaj dab tsi ntau dua li laminated chipboard, uas yog, chipboard npog nrog zaj duab xis tshwj xeeb. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov pob zeb los ntawm cov txua ntoo rov qab rau xyoo 1930s. tab sis lawv tau pib ua huab hwm coj tsim tawm tsuas yog nyob rau lub sijhawm tom qab ua tsov rog, uas pom tseeb txuas nrog qhov xwm txheej nyuaj uas tau tshwm sim thaum ntawd.

Qhov no kuj tau qhia txog kev hloov pauv hauv cov neeg siv khoom nyiam - hnyav, cov rooj tog zoo nkauj thiab cov khoom dai kom zoo nkauj tau poob qhov chaw. Hauv qhov kev piav qhia ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, nws tsis yog yam tsis muaj qhov tshwm sim uas tsis tau pom dua ua ntej hauv kev nrawm thiab muaj zog tau sau tseg hauv txhua yam, suav nrog cov khoom siv hauv tsev.

Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm chipboard yog ntoo ua pov tseg . Los ntawm lawv, ntxiv rau los ntawm kev txhob txwm ua kom tawg tsis zoo lub cev, cov khoom tseem ceeb no tau txais. Formaldehyde cob yog siv los ua cov khoom sib txuas.

Cov khoob khoob khoob khoob khoob tau ua rau txias thiab kub nias. Xaus cov neeg siv khoom tau txais lawv twb tau txiav rau hauv cov ntawv ntawm cov qauv txheem.

Yuav ua li cas laminated chipboard ua?

Qee cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev tsim cov laminated board los ntawm kev txua khoom twb tau muab rau hauv kab lus dhau los. Tab sis qhov no, tau kawg, yog deb ntawm txaus! Cov theem kawg ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog tib yam lamination, uas yog, gluing zaj duab xis tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb . Qee qhov xwm txheej, hloov pauv, lawv siv txoj hauv kev ua kom du lossis "lamination". Cov txheej txheem lamination cuam tshuam nrog gluing 1-2 txheej ntawm ua tib zoo npaj cov ntawv mus rau lub hauv paus.

Lawv sim ua daim ntawv kom tuab li sai tau los ntawm hauv qab . Tsuas yog nyob rau qhov xwm txheej no nws tuaj yeem thawb los ntawm daim duab. Cov txheej hauv qab qee zaum nce mus txog 1 hli. Rau qib thib ob, tsis xav tau cov tuab tuab - nws xav tau qhov ntsuas ntawm kaum feem pua lossis ib puas ntawm ib lub hli. Pem hauv ntej yog tsim los ntawm lwm txheej, uas yog tsim los ntawm kev ua ke ntawm cov ntawv pob tshab nrog ua tib zoo xaiv cov yas; sai li sai tau txheej txheej no tau ua kom sov, zaj duab xis muaj zog yuav tsim, zoo npog cov hniav zoo nkauj.

Txhawm rau ua kom sov, tseem siv lub thwj cim kub, siv tus qauv uas tau xaiv ib tus zuj zus. Xws li lub thwj cim tau kub txog 150-220 degrees. Tom qab txoj kev kho no, daim ntawv raug khov kho rau ntawm phaj. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias ntawm qee lub tsev haujlwm lawv ua haujlwm sib txawv:

• txuas tag nrho cov khoom ntawm txheej rau ib leeg;
• ziab khaub ncaws zoo li no;
• twb tau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv monolithic, lawv muab nws tso rau hauv slab.

Txoj kev laminating cuam tshuam nrog kaw daim kab xev yam tsis siv kua nplaum. Resins nyob rau hauv no embodiment yuav tsum tau rhaub kom txog thaum lawv tau yaj tag. Ntxiv mus, lawv ib txwm sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj uas yog ib feem ntawm phaj. Txhawm rau txhua txheej ntawm cov khoom siv ntsib, txawm li cas los xij, kom txuas nrog kom meej, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los teeb tsa lawv kom raug thiab luam tawm tus qauv siv xovxwm txias.

Nrog kev pab los ntawm cylindrical tuag, daim kab xev uas yuav luag tsis txwv qhov ntev tuaj yeem tsim tau.

Cov tuam txhab tsim khoom me me tsis siv nyiaj rau cov cuab yeej kim kom tau txais cov ntawv ntim ntau ntau, tab sis xav yuav cov kab xev ua tiav . Lawv twb muaj qhov kev tshuaj xyuas zaum kawg ntawm cov khoom. Daim kab xev no yuav tsum tau qhuav thiab dov tawm. Qhov tseeb, lamination txhais tau tias txiav rau me me thiab tso rau ntawm lub phaj coated nrog cov nplaum tshwj xeeb. Xws li cov haujlwm ua haujlwm raug nias nrog nias thiab ua kom sov kom txog thaum kawg ntawm cov kua nplaum polymerization. Lamination tso cai rau koj kom nrawm dua cov veneer los ntawm kev tshem tawm cov cua sov sib law liag ntawm txheej txheej. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, tag nrho cov khoom lag luam nthuav tawm hauv kev sib piv nrog lwm txoj hauv kev. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntaub ntawv ua raws yuav tsis ua tau zoo dua li nrog "tiag tiag" lamination.

Lamination du sib tov cov resins hauv lub rooj tsavxwm thiab txheej . Lwm qhov zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem no yog lub peev xwm tso tseg kev siv xovxwm, txij li daim duab tsis tas yuav tsim. Ib hom du ntawm chipboard tau tsim los ntawm kev sib tshooj ob txheej. Hauv qab yog ntawv, thiab sab saud nws muaj zaj duab xis tshwj xeeb, uas ua rau thaj tsam pob tshab muaj zog thaum cua sov.

Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias qhov no tsuas yog qhov dav dav, kwv yees kwv yees. Txhua lub tuam txhab tsim khoom lag luam tseem ceeb tau niaj hnub sim nrog lawv. Thiab qhov kev txhim kho zaum kawg tsis tu ncua nyob rau hauv qhov nruj tshaj plaws kev lag luam zais cia.

Tsis hais txog kev paub tshwj xeeb, txawm li cas los xij, GOST R 52078-2003 yuav tsum ua raws . Hauv lwm lub tebchaws, tus qauv EN 14322: 2004 siv tau. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kev cai txhawj xeeb tsuas yog cov kev xav tau uas siv rau laminate. Cov lag luam muaj ntau yam txheej txheem kev tsim los rau txheej txheem thev naus laus zis tshwj xeeb. TU suav nrog cov kev ntsuas no uas txawv ntawm qhov kev lees paub feem ntau, lossis ntxiv rau lawv (lawv tsis tau ua tus qauv hauv qib xeev).

Cov cua sov ntawm cov phaj hauv qab cov ntawv laminator yog ua los ntawm kev siv cov pa lossis cov roj. Qee qhov xwm txheej, siv cov lej nrog ntau yam qauv . Cov laminators loj tuaj yeem lis cov ntawv loj heev. Tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov laminators loj thiab me me. Ib qho ntxiv, cov cuab yeej no tau muab faib ua ib leeg lossis ib sab ob sab, ua ntu zus, tso cai rau koj los lo cov yeeb yaj kiab nkaus xwb los ntawm lub ntsej muag lossis ib txhij thov nws ntawm ob sab.

Cov khoom siv yooj yim

Qee qhov piv txwv ntawm laminated chipboard yog qhov txawv los ntawm cov dej noo-tiv taus. Cov cuab yeej muaj txiaj ntsig no tau ua tiav los ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj paraffin tshwj xeeb . Hauv qee kis, emulsions ntawm kev ua tib zoo xaiv tau siv. Tseem ceeb: txawm hais tias kev tiv thaiv ya raws tau qhia hauv cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov yam ntxwv zoo, qhov no tsis txhais tau tias lub qhov cub yuav tiv taus ya raws kiag li.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov o tseem tshwm sim, uas txhais tau tias cov khoom siv no yuav tsum tau ua raws li ua tib zoo thiab ua tib zoo ua kom tau . Qhov ntom ntawm cov khoom siv laminated feem ntau yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov substrate. Feem ntau, nws nyob ntawm thaj tsam ntawm 0.55 txog 0.75 kg rau 1 m3, uas txaus txaus rau ob qho tib si rooj tog thiab kho kom zoo nkauj.

Hauv daim ntawv pov thawj rau cov khoom siv, chav kawm flammability ntawm cov khoom tau sau tseg tas li. Nws yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov tshuaj ntxiv. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab txog kev nyab xeeb ntawm chipboard, vim nyob hauv ntau qhov chaw muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais qhia tias cov khoom no muaj teeb meem rau kev noj qab haus huv . Cov kev txiav txim siab no tau txhawb los ntawm qhov tseeb tias tsis hnov tsw ntawm cov rooj tog zaum tshiab tsis ploj mus li ob peb lub lis piam ua ke.

Nws yog qhov tsis yooj yim sua kom zam qhov no. Tab sis cov rooj tog zoo -laminated tsis ua mob - nws tsuas yog hnov ntxhiab tsw me ntsis xwb . Txawm li cas los xij, qhov pom ntawm thaj chaw qhib ntawm chipboard (suav nrog kev puas tsuaj thaum thauj mus los thiab siv) devalues txhua qhov kev tiv thaiv laminate.

Hom kev txheeb xyuas

Los ntawm kev tsim

Chipboard tuaj yeem siv rau kev tsim kho - cov khoom zoo li no siv sab hauv thiab sab nrauv. Qhov saum npoo yog ruaj thiab tiv taus ya raws . Cov phiaj xwm dav dav tsis tiv taus dej. Lub npe "tshwj xeeb" daim ntawv hais lus rau nws tus kheej - lawv tau txiav txim. Nws tau txais kev pabcuam kom tau txais qhov txawv lossis qhov tshwj xeeb.

Monolithic laminated chipboard tau tshwm sim ua ntej tshaj plaws . Nws tau dhau los ua cov khoom tawg yooj yim, yooj yim exfoliated cov khoom. Kev sim ntev thiab ua yuam kev ua rau nws tuaj yeem hloov pauv qhov pom tau zoo - kev tsim ua peb txheej. Nws yog khoom. Cov khoom lag luam nrog 5 txheej yog kim thiab cov txheej txheem nyuaj.

Los ntawm lub xeev qhov tsos

Chipboard zoo li muaj ntau yam sib txawv. Ntsib:

• dawb;
• txho;
• matte;
• ntoo xim;
• pleev xim rau hauv anthracite;
• ci iab;
• beige;
• xim xim;
• ntoo qhib xim.

Los ntawm hom nto

Lacquered laminated chipboard npog rau saum nrog txheej txheej ntawm cov kua roj vanish 2 hli tuab. Xws li txheej txheej muab cov xim zoo nkauj nplua nuj. Cov khoom yas yas tseem muaj thoob plaws hauv khw. Hauv qhov no, qhov zoo ntawm cov yas siv nws tus kheej yog qhov tseem ceeb. Hauv cov ntawv zoo, siv cov yas ntau txheej thiab cais nws los ntawm lub hauv paus nrog ob peb txheej ntxiv:

• overlay;
• kho kom zoo nkauj;
• kraft ntawv;
• kua nplaum ntawm polyurethane puag;
• ua tau chipboard.

Raws li rau cov khoom siv ib puag ncig, nws txawv ntawm qhov ob ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm cov vaj huam sib luag yog qhov nqaj, thiab lwm ob qhov ua tau zoo ntawm txoj kab nqaim.

Xws li kev sib koom ua ke muaj zog thiab ruaj khov. Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov khoom siv no, ob qho tib si ntxhib thiab zaum kawg tau tsim. Tab sis ntawm thaj tsam ntau dua 100 m2, nws raug nquahu kom tawm qhov khoob me me ntawm cov vaj huam sib luag. Qhov ntsuas tseem ceeb rau cov neeg siv khoom yog chav kawm tso tawm formaldehyde. Nws tau ntseeg ruaj khov tsim tias formaldehyde yog carcinogen. Yog li ntawd, nws txoj kev faib yog nruj me ntsis tswj. Kev nyab xeeb tau muab cais ua cov qauv zoo li E1 lossis E2 . Cov kev cai nruj tshaj plaws siv rau cov khoom lag luam sau npe ua E0.

Nyiaj muas

Yuav ua li cas cov ntawv luv rau laminated chipboard sawv yog qhov tseeb lawm. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias cov khoom siv no nws tus kheej tau muab faib ua ntau hom subtypes. Nyob rau xyoo tsis ntev los no, vim kev hloov kho tus qauv, cov npe tau hloov pauv me ntsis, thiab nws tsim nyog coj lawv txhua tus, suav nrog cov uas paub txog cov kws paub dhau los . Lub hom phiaj dav laminated chipboard belongs rau P1 chav kawm. Cov khoom lag luam zoo li no tau siv rau hauv ib puag ncig qhuav uas tsis muaj qhov nqa khoom.

Thawj cov dej noo ntawm cov khoom siv tau txwv rau 13% . Qhov siab tshaj plaws tso cai khoov lub zog yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov tuab ntawm cov pob zeb. P2 - cov khoom siv sab hauv tsev. Nws lub zog zoo ib yam li P1. Qhov sib txawv nyob hauv qhov txo qis hauv cov xov tooj ntawm qhov ntxhib thiab qhov sib npaug zoo dua qub, uas yog vim li cas P2 raug pom zoo rau kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv.

Xyoo 2007 tus qauv tau muab rau lub npe P-A thiab P-B . Kev tiv thaiv kom ya raws tau qhia los ntawm tsab ntawv ntxiv B. Niaj hnub no, cov dej-resistant laminated chipboard tsim tau cim ua P3. Nws tuaj yeem siv tau ntawm qhov txheeb ze cov av noo txog li 85% suav nrog. Ntawm qhov muaj txiaj ntsig siab humidification, tsuas yog ua haujlwm luv luv xwb tau; tseem P3 tsis tsim nyog rau qhov hnyav.

Cov laug cam tiv taus noo feem ntau muaj cov melamine thiab paraffin . Raws li rau P5 hom, nws txawv tsis tsuas yog hauv nws qhov kev tiv thaiv kom ya raws, tab sis kuj tseem tsim nyog rau kev siv teeb tsa: hauv pem teb thiab qab nthab. Yog tias koj siv daim ntawv uas muaj tuab li 1-2 cm, qhov siab tshaj plaws tso cai khoov zog yog kwv yees tib yam li OSB-3. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li cov tuab tuab nce ntxiv, cov khoom ua tsis xav tau nkig.

Phaj P7:

• tsim rau cov dej ntub;
• tso cai rau koj nqa lub nra hnyav;
• sib txawv hauv kev khoov zog ntawm 15 txog 20 MPa;
• tsim rau ntub o ntawm 9-10%.

Qhov ntev (kho kom raug)

Qhov ntev sib xws rau GOST yog raws li hauv qab no:

• 183-568 cm ntev;
• 120-250 cm dav;
• 0.3-3.8 cm tuab.

Cov ntaub ntawv xav tau tshaj plaws hauv khw yog:

• 280x262;
• 280x207;
• 262x183;
• 250 x 183 cm ib.

Lub tuab ntawm cov blocks ncaj qha txiav txim thaj chaw ntawm lawv siv:

• cov khoom lag luam los ntawm 8 txog 10 hli mus rau cov khoom dai kom zoo nkauj, cov thawv ntim tawm, cov rooj tog zaum hauv tsev thiab lwm yam khoom me me;
• qhov dav ntawm 16 txog 18 hli tau siv thaum koj xav tau los ua cov rooj tog thiab teeb hauv pem teb;
• Chipboard nrog qhov loj ntawm 22-35 mm xav tau los ua lub qhov rooj, chav ua noj thiab lwm yam khoom nrog qib nruab nrab ntawm kev thauj khoom;
• cov khoom siv nrog tuab ntawm 28-38 hli yog siv rau cov khoom lag luam feem ntau: cov txee, cov txee hnyav.

Nrov manufacturers

Ntawm cov tuam txhab rau kev tsim cov laminated chipboard sawv tawm zoo Austrian tuam txhab Egger … Lawv tau ua cov ntaub ntawv zoo li ntawd txij li xyoo 1961. Hauv kev txaus siab ntawm tus neeg muag khoom no yuav tsum yog vim ob txoj haujlwm zoo hauv kev ntsuas zoo, thiab qhov dav tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom. Nws tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb los hais qhia tias Egger nws muaj nws cov kab tsim khoom hauv tebchaws Russia.

Txog kev ua haujlwm, lub tuam txhab no siv cov ntoo mos mos thawj qib uas tsis suav nrog kev suav nrog txawv teb chaws; tag nrho cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tau tsim raws li cov qauv kev nyab xeeb tau lees paub hauv EU. Txiav txim los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas, cov khoom los ntawm lub tuam txhab "Kronospan " … Hauv tag nrho, qhov kev txhawj xeeb no tau sau 29 lub tuam txhab hauv 24 xeev.

Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom yog pom tsawg dua li ntawm Egger. Tab sis nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias, raws li qee qhov kwv yees, hom chipboard no yog qhov tawg thaum ua. Tab sis ntau yam ntxoov thiab xim yog qhov xav tsis thoob. Nws kuj yog ib lub tswv yim zoo los xaiv cov laminated board. Byspan hom muaj los ntawm Ivatsevichdrev … Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm Belarusian tsim cov khoom lag luam. Lub tuam txhab nquag siv qhov kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis tshiab tshaj plaws.

Cov khoom ua tau raws 100% ntawm lub tuam txhab cov txheej txheem txheej txheem, txawm tias nruj dua li qhov xav tau ntawm Minsk cov cai. Cov khoom siv yog dav heev, tsim kev tsim kho tas li tau ua tiav.

Peb lub tuam txhab no tseem tuaj yeem sib tw nrog:

• Nevsky Laminate;
• "Monzensky DOK";
• Sheksninsky KDP;
• Qhov sib txawv;
• "Shatura";
• "Fanplit"
• "Kronostar";
• "Amur MDK".

Cov cheeb tsam ntawm kev siv

Hauv kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm phab ntsa, laminated chipboard cov khoom nrog tuab ntawm 8 hli tau siv. Lawv kuj tseem xav tau kom tau txais cov khoom zoo nkauj ntawm rooj tog. Ntim thiab thawv xa khoom kuj tau los ntawm cov khoom siv no . Thaum kawg, hauv qab ntawm lub thawv ntawv tawm yog tsim los ntawm nws. 16mm cov khoom siv ua rau cov rooj tog zoo.

Cov pob zeb zoo li no tseem xav tau los tsim cov kev faib sab hauv lossis tso hauv pem teb ntawm qib ntxhib. 18 hli laminated chipboard yog siv los tsim cov rooj tog hauv txee rau menyuam yaus thiab lwm chav thiab tseem yog lub hauv paus rau cov pob zeb hauv pem teb. 20mm kev pab them nqi yog qhov zoo dua rau hauv av hauv av. Txhawm rau ua lub txee thiab lub qhov rooj, teeb chav ua noj thiab cov rooj zaum, koj xav tau cov khoom siv nrog tuab 22 hli. Raws li rau 25mm qauv, lawv xav tau los tsim:

• qhov rooj;
• cov txee;
• qhov rais qhov rais;
• thauj khoom nqa cov khoom ntawm cov khoom lag luam.

32 mm thaiv tuaj yeem siv rau ib qho ntawm lub hom phiaj tau piav qhia yog tias koj xav tau nqa lub nra hnyav. Raws li rau phab ntsa vaj huam sib luag rau kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv, lawv tuaj yeem ntsia tau rau ntawm:

• cov khoom tshwj xeeb (pwm);
• hlau crate;
• ntoo ntoo.

Cov chav ua noj raws li laminated chipboard tau nrov heev. Cov kev daws teeb meem no pheej yig, tab sis lawv muaj ntau yam zoo. Kev tsim qauv yog qhov zoo rau qhov yooj yim (tsis dhau dhau) cov khoom. Kev saib xyuas kom raug yog qhov tseem ceeb. Lub txaj, lub txee dai khaub ncaws, rooj tog zaum, tus tuav ntaub ntawv, lub hauv siab ntawm lub tub rau khoom, cov kav dej thiab lwm yam kuj tau ua los ntawm chipboard.

Yuav ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom li cas?

Kev txiav chipboard yog nqa tawm tau yooj yim tshaj plaws nrog lub ntsej muag pom nrog cov hniav tshwj xeeb. Cov tshuaj no txo qhov tawg. Ntau tus nqi saws kuj tuaj yeem siv tau, tab sis lawv yuav tsum muaj yam tsawg kawg ntawm 40 carbide cov hniav . Thaum ua haujlwm, nco ntsoov siv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tus kheej. Tsis tsuas yog plua plav ua rau muaj kev phom sij, tab sis tseem ua rau cov khoom tawg, uas yog txawm tias ntse dua iav, yog li koj tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj tsom iav. Kev ua ntej ua kom nrawm ntawm laminated chipboard yog qhov nyuaj los ntawm cov nplawm ntawm cov khoom siv no. Khaws nws nyob rau tib lub dav hlau thiab drilling tib lub sijhawm yog qhov nyuaj heev. Txhawm rau daws qhov teeb meem, txawm li cas los xij, yog qhov yooj yim - koj tsuas yog yuav tsum tau kho lub vaj huam sib luag ua ntej ntawm ib lub rooj tog zaum.

Qhov me me qhov seem yuav luag tsis pom . Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias txhua hom chipboard tsis tuav cov ntsia hlau kom zoo, thiab thaum ntsia hlau hauv lub qhov ntsia hlau, lawv tuaj yeem tawg; tawm - ua ntej drilling. Thaum txhim kho cov txee los ntawm chipboard, koj yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov yuav tshwm sim nyob rau lub sijhawm. Cov ntoo ib puag ncig txoj hlua khi pab tiv thaiv qhov no. Rau txoj haujlwm no, siv lub tshuab txiav lamellar, uas tso cai rau siv cov phaj hauv qab plywood. Cov ntsia hlau tsis siv - koj tuaj yeem txwv koj tus kheej rau cov kua nplaum ntoo.

Cov ntsia hlau yuav tsum tau ntswj kom tsawg kawg 50 hli los ntawm ntug ntawm cov khoom, tom qab ntawd qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tawg yog qhov txwv.