Volcanic Tuff: Nws Yog Dab Tsi? Cov Pob Zeb Siv Li Cas Hauv Cov Thoob Dej Yug Ntses? Cov Khoom Thiab Cov Tshuaj Muaj Pes Tsawg Leeg, Keeb Kwm

2024 Tus sau: Beatrice Philips | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-18 12:13

Peb lub ntiaj chaw yog cov txheej txheem txheej txheem geological nyuaj nrog cov xim liab kub, txheej txheej ntawm magma hauv qab daim hlau lithospheric thiab muaj lub zog sab hauv uas, thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub Ntiaj Teb, tau tawg tawm sab nraud los ntawm roob hluav taws. Qhov tshwm sim yog tsim los ntawm ntau lub pob zeb tshwj xeeb, ib qho yog cov roob hluav taws.

Nws yog dab tsi?

Tuf - lub ntsiab lus dav dav, muab los ntawm Latin lo lus tufus , tom qab tag nrho, txij li lub sijhawm Ancient Rome, Ltalis tau tsuas yog siv lub pob zeb no (feem ntau yog hom calcareous: nws yog nws uas tau siv hauv kev tsim Colosseum). Lub npe koom ua ke peb ntau yam, uas sib txawv raws li kev tsim thiab cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg:

• roob hluav taws - compacted volcanic clastic khoom;
• calcareous (travertine) - pob zeb sedimentary, muaj pes tsawg leeg yog ua los ntawm calcium carbonate;
• siliceous (geyserite) - Lub hauv paus chiv keeb hauv qab ntuj, tsim los ntawm nag lossis daus ntawm cov kua dej sib txuas los ntawm cov dej ntawm cov dej kub (geysers).

Keeb Kwm

Hom roob hluav taws yog tsim los ntawm kev sib tsoo ntawm pyroclastic (txhais lus txhais los ntawm Greek - tawg los ntawm hluav taws) pob zeb. Cov khib nyiab thiab ib feem ntawm cov pob zeb tawg thiab cov pob zeb tawg ntawm thaj chaw tau muab pov tseg los ntawm lub zog tawg ntawm cov pa mus rau saum huab cua, thiab ntog mus rau saum npoo yog sib xyaw ua ke hauv cov dej kub ntws los nrog cov hmoov av, av nplaum, xuab zeb thiab tshauv, ua ke ua ke ib qho hnyav pob zeb loj.

Tuff deposits nyob rau hauv ntuj tsim kev nyuaj siab nyob ze rau ntev ntev (thiab qee zaum muaj zog) roob hluav taws hauv Qaib Cov Txwv, Ltalis, Asmeskas, Azerbaijan, Georgia, thiab Lavxias Kabardino-Balkaria. Cov tuff los ntawm Armenia yog nto moo thoob plaws ntiaj teb, nws tsis yog tsis muaj dab tsi uas nws cov peev zoo nkauj hu ua "nroog liab".

Cov tuam tsev, tsoomfwv cov tuam tsev, cov tsev nyob hauv Yerevan tau ntsib nrog cov nplais ntawm txhua hom ntxoov los ntawm liab-xim av mus rau dub, tab sis liab thiab lilac-violet tones ntawm artik tuff feem ntau.

Artik teb yog nyob ntawm taw ntawm Aragats stratovolcano roob (raws li lus dab neeg, tus muam ntawm cov lus dab neeg Ararat ncov). Nyob rau xyoo pua 20th, nws tau suav tias yog lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam loj tshaj plaws tuff mining center. Hauv Armenia, muaj 5 ntau yam ntawm cov tsiaj no, cov kws tshaj lij xav txog Artik lub pob zeb liab pob zeb los ua cov qauv piv txwv rau kev ua tiav cov txheej txheem thiab kev tsim kho.

Qauv thiab kev ntxhib los mos

Tus qauv ntawm lub txaj txaj yog ntxeem tau-clastic. Pob zeb yog qhov txawv los ntawm cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:

• muaj cov tawg ntawm cov tawg, cov zaub mov, khov lava;
• yam ntxwv heterogeneity;
• cov khoom tsis sib xws;
• tsis muaj lamination.

Cov duab ntawm cov khoom tawg hauv qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm pob zeb tuaj yeem yog:

• sib npaug - foob pob hluav taws;
• mob -angled - pob zeb tawg;
• curly

Tuff tau muab cais los ntawm qhov loj ntawm cov khib nyiab-suav nrog 7 yam:

• blocky agglomerate nrog cov tawg tsam loj dua 200 hli;
• agglomerate (50-200 hli);
• lapillian (10-50 hli);
• me-capillary (2-10 hli);
• qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov khib nyiab, pob zeb (0, 1-2 hli);
• nplua-nplua (0.01-0.1 hli);
• nplua-grained, tshauv (tsawg dua 0.01 hli).

Khoom

Lub cev tshwj xeeb muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov roob hluav taws tuff txiav txim siab nws qhov zoo dua ntau yam khoom siv hauv tsev. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim los lis, nws tsuas yog txiav rau hauv daim thiab txheej.

Cov khoom yooj yim:

• porosity;
• qis tshwj xeeb lub ntiajteb txawj nqus;
• lub zog sib zog siab (siab dua li ntawm cov cib);
• tawv;
• zoo suab rwb thaiv tsev;
• tsawg thermal conductivity;
• tsis tseem ceeb hygroscopicity;
• Frost tsis kam;
• hluav taws tsis kam;
• kav ntev.

Tuff tau ua tsaug rau nws cov khoom zoo nkauj zoo nkauj. Nws muaj cov xim dav dav, txawm hais tias xim tsis sib xws, nrog txaws. Cov xim nyob ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov pob zeb uas nthuav tawm ntawm thaj chaw tshwj xeeb.

Hom kev txheeb xyuas

Yuav luag 90% ntawm cov roob hluav taws suav nrog cov khoom lag luam - cov pa tawm los ntawm kev tawg. Feem ntau muaj kev txav ntawm cov khoom siv clastic nrog cov av nkos thiab cov pob zeb ua kom txaus nrog cov zaub mov thib ob. Yog tias lwm yam kev tsis huv muaj yeej, tom qab ntawd tuffs tau faib raws li lawv cov dej ntxhia hauv:

• andesite;
• liparite;
• basalt;
• trachytic.

Tuffs yog sintered thiab cemented; cov yam ntxwv muaj zog nyob ntawm seb txoj kev tsim. Sintered pob zeb muaj zog dua li cov uas tau sib txuas nrog cov cement cib.

Los ntawm kev ntom ntom, lawv tau muab faib ua:

• lem - nruj nruj;
• pozzolans yog xoob.

Daim ntawv thov

Ib tus neeg siv cov khoom siv ruaj khov thiab zoo nkauj no hauv ntau thaj chaw: kev tsim kho, tsim cov pob zeb tawg thiab sib xyaw, kos duab zoo nkauj, khaws thoob dej yug ntses

Cov vaj huam sib luag txiav tau siv rau sab hauv (cov ntaiv ntaiv, qhov rooj, qhov rai, qhov cub qhov rooj) thiab sab nrauv ntawm cov tsev. Lawv muab cov tuam tsev muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg thiab cov style tshwj xeeb. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov thaiv, lawv tau siv los txhim kho phab ntsa ntawm cov tsev qis, tshwj xeeb, hauv cov chaw uas muaj cov av noo siab lossis huab cua hnyav nrog qhov kub tshaj (piv txwv li, cov tsev teev ntuj thiab cov tuam tsev hauv toj siab). Cov khoom siv tau zoo tshaj plaws ua ke nrog lwm cov pob zeb ci, ntoo, iav, cov hlau, thiab cov yam ntxwv zoo nkauj tsim los ntawm nws.

Tuff pab txhawb kev txuag nyiaj: kev hloov cua sov ntawm chav tau txo los ntawm 30-40% . Maas yog nplua nuj nrog cov zom zom cov tshuaj ntxiv, muab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntxiv rau dej hiav txwv thaum nws tsim nyog los txhim kho cov dej hauv qab.

Cov pob zeb loj loj feem ntau tuaj yeem pom hauv kev tsim cov thoob dej yug ntses, ua raws li ib puag ncig ib puag ncig ntawm hiav txwv. Lawv cov txiaj ntsig zoo nkauj thiab qhov hnyav qis ua rau lawv nyiam tsim qauv rau cov neeg nyiam aquarist.

Cov kws tsim vaj tsev feem ntau siv cov khoom siv hauv kev tsim vaj thiab chaw ua si.

Cov duab puab thiab cov pob zeb ua haujlwm kuj txaus siab rau lub pob zeb volcanic no, tsim cov duab zoo nkauj tiag tiag los ntawm nws.