Cov Pob Zeb Hauv Pem Teb (39 Duab): Hom Ntawm Cov Pob Zeb Ua Kom Muaj Zog Ntxiv (cov Khoom Siv Ua Vaj Tsev), Ua Kom Khov Thiab Ua Kom Tiav. Yuav Ua Li Cas Xaiv Qhov Slab Rau Vaj Hu

2024 Tus sau: Beatrice Philips | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 05:41

Rau kev tsim cov plag tsev, tsis yog ntoo lossis cov qauv hlau feem ntau siv, tab sis cov peev txheej. Muaj ntau ntau yam ntawm cov khoom zoo li no, thiab txhua hom tsim nyog tau txais kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb. Tab sis ua ntej koj yuav tsum xam tawm raws nraim li cas cov khoom lag luam tau tsim.

Kev siv tshuab ntau lawm

Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los pib kev sib tham txog kev tsim cov pob zeb hauv av nrog qhov tseeb tias cov no feem ntau yog siv cov txheej txheem ua vaj tsev. Yog li ntawd, lawv tuaj yeem tsim khoom nyob ntawm cov tuam txhab lag luam, lossis, zoo tshaj plaws, ntawm cov chaw tsim kho loj, nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov kws tshaj lij kev paub. Slabs tuaj yeem ua los ntawm ntau hom kev ua vaj tse. Yuav tsum tau muab cov pob zeb sib tov sib xyaw yog tias koj xav txwv qhov hnyav. Thiab tom qab ntawd muaj cov txheej txheem ua kom lub pob zeb ua ke, uas tsim cov qauv txheej txheem.

Yog tias koj npaj yuav siv cov slab qhov tsim kho qhov tseem ceeb khoov, thiaj li hu ua kev txhawb nqa pob zeb siv . Cov khoom lag luam nrog cov voids sab hauv yog tsim los siv cov txheej txheem txheej txheem. Ntau qib ntawm "hnyav" qhob yog siv ua raw khoom. Thaum pib, qhov kev txhawb nqa tau npaj, uas xav tau los tsim cov kev txaus siab.

Ib qho tseem ceeb: Cov thav duab thav duab yuav tsum ua raws li cov qauv kev tsim khoom rau lub zog thiab kev teeb tsa geometrical.

Thaum cov khoom siv tau tab tom npaj, cov tshuaj tau sib xyaw. Raws li ib txwm muaj, nws yog ua los ntawm kev sib tov pob zeb thiab cov xuab zeb nrog cov cement. Qhov sib piv tseeb tau xaiv ib tus zuj zus txhua lub sijhawm. Nyob ntawm lub koom haum ntawm kev tsim khoom, pob zeb nrog cov xuab zeb tau txais kev npaj ua los ntawm chaw txua txiag zeb lossis ncaj qha kneaded ntawm lub tuam txhab. Hauv qhov no, xws li lub workpiece yuav tsum tau sieved.

Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas yog kom tshem cov feem loj dhau uas tsis tuaj yeem ua pwm . Tom ntej no, lub lattice tau muab tso rau hauv cov pwm thiab cov pob zeb tau nchuav rau hauv nws. Txhawm rau txhim kho qhov tsis sib xws ntawm kev faib cov pawg, kev ua haujlwm co feem ntau tau xyaum. Hauv qee lub tuam txhab, tau siv kev kho lub zog ntxiv.

Tseem ceeb: yog tias siv tshuab tau pom, yuav tsum tau txais cov phaj uas yuav tsis sag lossis deform.

Npav

Txawm tias tus neeg paub tsis txaus ntseeg nrog thev naus laus zis ntawm kev tsim cov pob zeb hauv pem teb qhia pom tias lawv tuaj yeem sib txawv li cas. Thiab kom nkag siab zoo txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txhua yam khoom, nws lub hom phiaj, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom muaj peev xwm nyeem tau daim ntawv lo. Nws tsis yog txhais tau tias tshwm sim, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, cov tuam txhab tsim khoom yuav tsum ua raws cov lus qhia ntawm GOST 2016. Qhov kev txiav txim ib txwm sau tseg yog raws li hauv qab no:

• yam khoom ntawm yam khoom thiab yam khoom;
• ntev;
• dav (qhov siab yog ib txwm zoo ib yam, yog li nws tsis tau sau tseg);
• tso cai theem ntawm kev nqa cov kabmob (1 chav sib npaug rau 100 kg rau 1 sq. m);
• pawg txhawb nqa;
• lwm yam tsis.

Pawg kawg suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv hais txog:

• tiv taus cov tshuaj caustic thiab txhoj puab heev;
• seismic tsis kam;
• tiv taus kub tsawg;
• cov ntsiab lus lossis cov qhov tshwj xeeb.

Cov ntawv P, PTS lossis PP qhia txog qhov hnyav tag nrho cov khoom monolithic. Qab kev txo qis ntawm GHG lossis PR, cov pob zeb khov kho tau muab zais. Yog tias phaj tau cim ua PV, nws txhais tau tias yog phaj txuas txuas txuas nrog qhov qhib qhov cua. Thaum lub qhov rau teeb tau npaj, lub npe PS lossis PF tau siv. Kev sib txuas ntawm PL cov cim txhais tau tias kev sib tshooj tau tsim los rau lub ru tsev yooj yim-rau-poob.

Lub ru tsev tshem tau yooj yim ua los ntawm arched thiab vaulted ribbed slabs tuaj yeem cim ua POS, POV, POF, POL. Hollow core slabs tau sau npe raws li tus lej ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas cov slab tau so. Cov khoom ntawm chav kawm T yog raws li 3 sab, thiab cov khoom ntawm K - ntawm tag nrho plaub. Yog tias tsis muaj tsab ntawv hlo li, qhov no txhais tau tias cov qauv tsim los txhawb nqa ntawm ob sab. PC thiab PG qhov sib txawv ntawm lwm qhov hollow core (PB) hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom.

PG, PK - txhais tau tias nchuav rau hauv cov qauv tsim. Tab sis PB txhais tau tias tsim rau ntawm cov khoom thauj mus tas li. Qhov tshwm sim yog qib siab heev ntawm kev du thiab kev nyab xeeb. Ib qho ntxiv, PB tsis muaj qhov txwv ntev. Yog li ntawd, cov phaj no tuaj yeem siv rau hauv qhov chaw uas muaj qhov sib txawv.

Tab sis cov phaj pwm muaj qhov qhib nqaim . Drilling ntawm cov khoom no tsis raug tso cai, yog li kev tso kev sib txuas lus los ntawm lawv yog qhov tsis yooj yim sua. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov cim tseem qhia txog hom pob zeb. Tsab ntawv C sawv rau qhov muaj zog tiv taus qhov av qeeg, thiab kuv sawv cev rau cov khoom siv ntawm tes.

Ntxiv:

• M - nplua nplej;
• C - ntom silicates;
• L - lub ntsws;
• W - tiv taus cua sov;
• P - xuab zeb ua vaj tse;
• H - ib txwm permeability.

Saib

Precast qhob slabs tuaj yeem tsuas yog npaj hauv qhov chaw tsim khoom tshwj xeeb loj. Cov pob zeb ntawm cov qib xaiv tau tsim nyog yuav tsum tau siv, uas yog ntxiv nrog cov kab sib txuas ntawm kev txhawb nqa. Txhua yam khoom zoo li tus qauv. Nws qhov ntev yog raws li hauv qab no:

• qhov ntev tsis tsawg dua 2, 5 thiab tsis ntau dua 12 m;
• hauv qhov dav nruj ntawm 1 txog 1.5 m;
• hauv tuab los ntawm 0, 14 txog 0, 22 m.

Kev siv cov khoom siv ua vaj tsev tso cai rau koj los tsim cov pem teb kom sai li sai tau. Tswj kom txo tus nqi ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab ua kom yooj yim rau kev teeb tsa. Cov txheej txheem ua vaj tsev ua ntej tuaj yeem ua tau tiav, thiab tib lub sijhawm lawv saib txawv ntawm lwm hom hauv qhov tsos ntawm qhov kawg. Cov tsos ntawm kab noj hniav ntev tsis suav nrog qhov ntawd.

Cov khoom thaiv muaj zog heev, tseem hnyav heev.

Ib qho ntxiv, monolithic prefabricated RC block tso cai kom muaj cua sov ntau dhau los hla. Thiab lub suab nrov hauv chav yuav dhau mus zoo heev, uas, ntawm chav kawm, tsis yog txhais tau tias zoo rau cov neeg nyob hauv tsev lossis cov uas ua haujlwm nyob ntawd. Hollow core slab yog ua nrog kab noj hniav uas tau muab tso rau ntawm txoj kab ntev. Cov kab noj hniav feem ntau muaj cov ntu hla, sab hauv txoj kab uas hla yog 0, 11-0, 16 m.

Slabs nrog oval raws sab hauv yog tsawg dua . Kev siv cov khoom tseem ceeb hollow hauv kev tsim kho tau dhau los ua qhov qub. Lawv tau ua tsaug rau lawv cov suab rwb thaiv tsev zoo heev. Kev txo qis hauv qhov hnyav txo qhov kev nyuab siab ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm lub tsev, suav nrog cov phab ntsa tseem ceeb. Kev tsim tsev pheeb suab kuj tsim nyog saib xyuas.

Cov pob zeb zoo li no zoo sib xws hauv ntu hla mus rau lub tais uas muaj kab tav tav. Lub tuab ntawm txhua tus tav yog los ntawm 0, 14 txog 0, 16 m. Kev tsim kho lub teeb ntawm lub ru tsev hipped-slab tsis tiv thaiv nws los ntawm kev tswj hwm lub zog siab thiab tiv thaiv kev deformations muaj zog. Txawm li cas los xij, U-puab thaiv yog qhov nyuaj heev kom ua tiav los ntawm sab hauv.

Thiab ib qho ntxiv qhov tsis muaj zog yuav yog nws cov thermal conductivity nce.

Qee hom pob zeb hauv av tuaj yeem ua los ntawm kev txhawb nqa tawb. Txoj kev welded cuam tshuam nrog kev sib cuag lossis ib nrab tsis siv neeg vuam ntawm cov hlau hlau. Lub lattice knitted tau sib sau ua ke los ntawm ib leeg. Ib qho xaim tshwj xeeb uas tau siv los txuas lawv. Qhov kawg version ntawm slab raug xaiv, tau kawg, txawm tias thaum tsim cov txheej txheem.

Ib lub tiaj tiaj tiaj tau siv los npog qab nthab thiab qhov sib cuam tshuam. Hauv qhov no, koj yuav tsum tso tseg txoj hlua. Tib yam khoom feem ntau siv hauv kev tsim qis. Tab sis muaj lwm qhov kev siv rau cov ntsiab lus flattened:

• kev tsim cov cuab yeej thiab cov chaw tsim khoom;
• tsim ntawm qhib;
• tso cov cua sov ua hluav taws xob;
• kev tsim kho lub sam thiaj thiab ntau lwm yam khoom.

Cov khoom lag luam tuaj yeem ua tau nrog cov pob zeb hnyav ntawm tsawg kawg M300. Pawg muaj zog - B12 lossis B20. Yam tsawg kawg ntawm 50 khov thiab thaws mus yog lav. Hauv pem teb slab yog tiv taus kom nkag mus rau dej . Ntxiv nrog rau cov uas yooj yim, daim ntawv muaj npe zoo kuj tseem tuaj yeem siv tau.

Cov khoom lag luam zoo li no tso cai rau koj txo tus nqi thiab ua kom luv lub sijhawm tsim kho. Qhov tseem ceeb, qhov no tsis cuam tshuam rau kev ntseeg tau. Yog li ntawd, cov tsim qauv thiab cov neeg tsim khoom tau mob siab rau ntau dua rau kev siv tshuab ua ntej nruj. Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog "cov neeg kho tshuab" yooj yim (ntau qhov tseeb, nrog jacks). Tab sis qee zaum kev kho hluav taws xob kuj tseem siv tau, thaum muaj cua sov muaj zog thaum lub sij hawm dhau los ntawm qhov muaj hluav taws xob ntau.

Cov txheej txheem sib xyaw electrothermomechanical yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm kev tsim khoom ntau ntxiv . Tab sis kev them nyiaj rau cov khoom tau txais hauv txoj kev no siab dhau. Yog li ntawd, cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis no tsuas yog siv thaum muaj qhov xav tau siab heev rau lub zog, ruaj khov thiab tiv taus kom khoov zog. Cov yam ntxwv tau txais, qhov tseeb, ntawm qib siab heev. Qhov teeb meem tsuas yog tias tsuas yog cov tuam txhab npaj ua ntej tshaj plaws tuaj yeem tsim hluav taws xob muaj zog ua haujlwm zoo.

Cov phaj uas muaj zog tuaj yeem ua tau prefabricated lossis monolithic. Hom prefabricated yog pheej yig heev, tab sis nws yuav tsum siv tsuas yog rau qhov dav tsis pub ntev tshaj 6 m. Qhov siab tshaj plaws tso cai rau 1 sq. m tsis tshaj 10,000 newtons. Monolithic prestressed block yog nyob rau hauv kev thov thaum tsim cov tsev siab.

Kev ntxiv dag zog tuaj yeem ua "ntawm qhov nres" (ua ntej siv cov tshuaj khib nyiab). Tab sis kev ua kom tawv "ntawm pob zeb" tseem tau xyaum. Nws yog tsim tawm tsuas yog thaum cov tshuaj sib zog ua rau lub zog tshaj tawm. Qhov tseem ceeb, kev muaj zog yog qhov zoo rau av qeeg thiab kev tawg. Kev nce ntxiv hauv kev pabcuam lub neej ntawm cov qauv raws li tag nrho yog muab.

Caisson slabs tuaj yeem muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, lawv tau pib siv los tsim kev txhawb nqa choj uas nyob ncaj qha rau hauv lub pas dej. Ua ntej, cov kob tau tsim los siv cov txheej txheem av. Tom ntej no, cov qauv tsim los ntawm cov pob zeb txhawb ntxiv lossis hlau. Tag nrho ib sab qis ntawm cov qauv yog nruab nrog riam phom qib ib.

Qhov teeb meem yog tias siv caisson slab los ua haujlwm rau tib neeg hauv qab kev txhawb nqa choj yog qhov txaus ntshai heev hais txog kev noj qab haus huv . Rau ntau dua ib nrab xyoo, caissons tau siv tsuas yog hauv qhov tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb, thaum ib tus tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj lawv. Tab sis hauv kev tsim kho, lub lauj kaub tais diav txhais tau tias yog yam khoom sib txawv, uas yog qhov ua tau ntau dua. Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov ntsiab lus no yog txhawm rau faib lub qab nthab lossis sab hauv ntawm lub qhov rooj nrog kev pab los ntawm kev so kom zoo ib yam li cov thawv. Cov indentations no nyob ntawm qhov khoob ntawm kab teeb hla.

Qhov qis dua ntawm ntu yog nruab nrog cov kab txuas ntxiv. Kev txhawb nqa ncab yog tsom rau lawv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsis muaj pob zeb nyob ntawd. Cov tav tau muab tso rau hauv ob qho kev qhia ntawm txoj cai kaum rau ib leeg. Cov tav tav yog 1.5 m. Muab ib daim slab tso rau ntawm tus tav.

Kev txiav txim siab txog kev ua haujlwm tsis yooj yim rau kev siv cov pob zeb sib xyaw ua ke nyuaj. Tab sis lawv siv rau kev tsim vaj tsev thiab tsim lub hom phiaj yog qhov tsim nyog. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, koj tuaj yeem simulate:

• Ancient Egyptian mosaics;
• ancient Greek style;
• Roman frescoes.

Cov channel hom ntawm cov pob zeb hauv av (VP) tsis siv hauv kev tsim vaj tsev lawv tus kheej. Tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb tsis hais nyob qhov twg cov dej phwj tuaj, cov neeg sau khoom lossis cov txheej txheem dej-siab tau teeb tsa. Thiab kuj yog cov ntsiab lus xav tau los tso cov channel ntawm cov cua sov tseem ceeb. Cov channel slabs niaj hnub no zoo ib yam zoo nyob hauv av thiab hauv qhov chaw ntawm cov qauv tshwj xeeb . Lub tshuab thev naus laus zis qub ntawm kev vibration casting tau tam sim no tau hloov los ntawm vibrocompression.

Qhov kev hloov pauv no tsis yog xwm txheej - ua tsaug rau nws, kev tiv thaiv los ntawm dej tau nce ntau. Ib qho ntxiv, qhov tsis kam ntawm cov laug cam rau cov kua qaub thiab ntau yam hlau ntsev tau nce. Cov phaj phaj yog qhov sib npaug hauv qhov xav tau thaum npaj lub ru tsev ntawm lub tsev tsim khoom lossis tsev ntiag tug. Txawm hais tias muaj qhov sib txawv nrog tib hom kev tsim khoom, cov khoom sib zog tau txais. Cov phaj phaj tau dav siv rau kev tsim kho ua haujlwm hauv cov av xoob, qhov twg dej hauv av siab.

Ua kom ntau ntxiv, tsis yog tsuas yog ua cov pob zeb ntxiv, tab sis tseem nthuav cov av nplaum ua cov pob zeb siv rau kev tsim kho hauv pem teb . Raws li kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov ntsuas, qee tus kws tshaj lij txawm tias nyiam lawv rau cov khoom lag luam zoo tib yam.

Nthuav av nplaum qhob thaiv tuaj yeem muaj ob qho ua tiav thiab ua tiav monolithic; hauv ob qho tib si, lawv siv tau tag nrho yam tsis muaj cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb.

Ribbed cov qauv tuaj yeem tiv taus lub nra hnyav. Qhov no tso cai rau koj hloov mus rau siv cov khoom ntom ntom nruab nrab.

Tseem ceeb: nthuav av nplaum qhob slab tuaj yeem tsuas yog nteg tom qab tawv tawv kawg . Tab sis cov av nplaum uas tsis tuaj yeem tawg tau yog txheej zoo nkauj uas nws yooj yim los tsim txawm tias tsis muaj kev pab sab nraud. Txhawm rau tsim cov kab teeb, cov hlau I-beam lossis channel tau siv.

Txhawm rau sim ua cov ntawv ua haujlwm, lub rooj tsavxwm corrugated tau siv. Tseem ceeb: nthuav av nplaum qhob thaiv tsuas yog ua los ntawm cov khoom siv raw uas tsis muaj chlorides thiab muaj qhov tshwj xeeb los tiv thaiv hluav taws. Txhawm rau ntxiv thiab ntxiv dag zog rau kab teeb, cov nplais nrog cov tav ntau zaus tau siv. Tab sis qhov kev daws teeb meem no tsuas yog haum rau ncua ntev tsis tshaj 8 m.

Tau kawg, ib qho ntawm cov lus piav qhia kev xaiv sib tshooj tuaj yeem siv tsuas yog tom qab ua tib zoo suav.

Rau kev tsim cov slabs hauv daim ntawv dawb huv, cov qib qib ntawm M250 txog M350 tuaj yeem siv tau. Tau kawg, cov pawg no siab dua, cov khoom thauj khoom siab dua tuaj yeem tuaj yeem muaj sia nyob.

Hauv seem, qhov sib tshooj zoo li qhov no:

• hollow slab;
• kev tsim lub cev tag nrho;
• classic caisson khoom;
• channel thaiv.

Qhov ntev (kho kom raug)

Hollow core slabs (feem ntau siv hauv kev tsim ntiag tug) feem ntau muaj cov hauv qab no:

• tuab 0.22 m thiab ntev 4.78;
• tuab 0.26 m nrog qhov ntev ntawm 5.679 m thiab tsawg dua;
• tuab 0.22 m, qhov ntev tau xaiv raws li xav tau.

Cov nplais ntawm PB hom tuaj yeem muaj qhov ntev ntawm 1, 8-9 m. Cov tshuaj no yooj yim tshaj plaws thaum xaj "ntxiv" thaiv. Raws li rau qhov voids, lawv tsawg kawg yog 0, 114 m rau PC lossis SG cov khoom lag luam. Tab sis ntawm PB, qhov yog qhov nqaim (siab tshaj 0.06 m).

Cov ntawv thov

Raws li qhov uas twb tau hais los lawm, nws tuaj yeem hais txog tias cov plag tsev tau siv rau qhov chaw cuam tshuam hauv vaj huam sib luag tsev thiab rau kev tsim kho ntiag tug. Nws yog kev coj ua los faib cov qauv no rau hauv pawg pej xeem, kev lag luam thiab thaj chaw. Tau kawg, kev lag luam tau muab nrog cov khoom ruaj khov tshaj plaws. Nws tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov siab tshaj plaws thiab txawm tias raug rau cov tshuaj txhoj puab heev. Slab nrog txoj kab tav tav qhia yog siv feem ntau hauv cov tsev tsim khoom, thiab nrog qis dua hauv pem teb.

Ribbed cov khoom siv feem ntau qhov twg ntau tus neeg mus:

• nyob rau hauv hypermarkets;
• nyob rau hauv xinesmas thiab leisure chaw;
• ntawm chaw ntau pob;
• hauv lwm qhov chaw zoo sib xws.

Yuav xaiv li cas?

Lo lus nug no tshwm sim rau cov neeg tsim khoom ntiag tug ua ntej. Slab nrog ntau lub voids yog lub teeb, tab sis nws lub zog yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas. Nws raug nquahu kom txheeb xyuas cov cim nrog cov rooj tshwj xeeb uas nws tau txiav txim siab. PC thiab HB cov qauv tsim tau xaiv los qhov twg yog qhov muaj zog tshwj xeeb. Tab sis PNO raug tso cai siv tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim qis (1, siab tshaj 2 plag tsev).

Nws tshwm sim li ntawd cov txheej txheem slab tsis tuaj yeem siv rau qee qhov laj thawj . Tom qab ntawd koj yuav tsum tau sau cov khoom ncaj qha ntawm qhov chaw. Prefabricated monolithic lug (ib hom nrum-hauv monolithic) yog qhov yooj yim los tsim. Tib lub sijhawm, cov phiaj xwm txaus ntshai tshaj plaws tau ua tiav tiav.

Tab sis qhov kev txiav txim zaum kawg yuav tsum yog ua tom qab sab laj nrog cov kws tshaj lij thaum xaj ncaj qha.