Cov Tooj Liab (32 Duab): Tiv Taus Thiab GOST, Tinned Tooj Liab Hlau Thiab Lwm Yam, Cov Mis Thiab Cov Ntsiab Lus Melting

2024 Tus sau: Beatrice Philips | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-09 13:23

Qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws, siv dav hauv thev naus laus zis thiab lub neej txhua hnub, tsis tshua muaj neeg nyiam mloog. Thiab qhov no yog qhov tsis tsim nyog kiag li. Paub txhua yam txog tooj liab hlau muaj txiaj ntsig txawm tias rau tus neeg zoo tshaj plaws, tsis yog kws tshaj lij lossis kws tshaj lij.

Peculiarities

Cov tooj liab tooj liab niaj hnub zoo li cov khoom qub los ntawm lwm cov hlau, zoo ib yam li txoj hlua nyias. Cov kws tshaj lij hais lus hauv cov xwm txheej no hais txog ntu ntu me me. Feem ntau, kev tsim cov hlau tooj liab yog ua los ntawm kub lossis txias deformation .… Yuav luag tsis muaj qhov tsis huv hauv nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, yuav tsum muaj tooj liab ntawm cov qib tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb. Tam sim no GOST rau tooj liab hlau tau pib siv thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1, 1992.

Raws li tus txheej txheem, kev tsim khoom yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis tam sim no . Cov kab nruab nrab, qib sib txawv, qhov sib thooj ntawm cov hlau thiab pas nrig kom zoo li lub ntsej muag oval yog qhov qub. Qhov saum npoo ntawm cov khoom yuav tsum ib txwm huv thiab du. Tsis raug los ntawm tus qauv:

• kab nrib pleb;
• tsis xws xws li hnub poob;
• so;
• dov cov ntawv (yog tias qhov tob tshaj qhov qauv sib txawv ntawm txoj kab uas hla).

Tab sis dab tsi yuav zoo tam sim no yam tsis ua txhaum txoj cai tsim:

• reddened cheeb tsam sab laug tom qab etching;
• coloring ntawm tones tarnished;
• me me suav nrog cov roj nplua nyeem thev naus laus zis.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tshem tawm cov kev ua kom muaj zog tensile . Qhov no yog ua tiav los ntawm kev kho qhov kub ntawm qhov kub tsawg lossis kho cov tshuab. Tshem tawm qhov tsis xws luag yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim thev naus laus zis. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm kab hlau thiab pom ntawm kinks tsis pom zoo. Kev khi yog ua kom qhov ntom ntawm kab tsis cuam tshuam.

Tsuas yog ib daim hlau yuav tsum tau siv rau 100% ntawm cov skeins, nruas lossis lwm yam ntim khoom.

Khoom

Qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm tooj liab hlau yog nws qhov tsis kam tiv taus . Tias yog vim li cas nws tau nquag siv hauv kev lag luam fais fab thiab kev tsim kho ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob. Kev tsim cov xov hlau tau yooj yim heev los ntawm qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov hlau. Cov tooj liab zoo yog ib qho yooj yim los ua cov txheej txheem kom raug. Cov mis nyuj sib xyaw tau xaiv hauv ntau qhov xwm txheej ntawm tus kheej, raws li lub hom phiaj cov khoom yuav tsum ua tiav. Lub ntsiab lus yaj ntawm tooj liab ntshiab yog 1083 degrees Celsius lossis 1356 degrees Kelvin. Thiab qhov ntom ntawm cov hlau no yog 2.07 g rau 1 cm3. Yog li ntawd, nws tsis nyuaj rau suav qhov hnyav ntawm ntu:

• nrog tuab ntawm 1.5 sq. hli - 0.0133 kg rau 1 m3;
• nrog ib ntu hla ntawm 4 sq. hli - 0.035 kg rau 1 m3;
• nrog ib ntu hla ntawm 6 sq. hli - 0.053 kg rau 1 m3.

Hom kev txheeb xyuas

Tinned tooj liab hlau yog ntau heev … Cov kab hauv qab yog tias nws yog tinned nrog electroplating. Cov txheej txheej tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm 1 txog 20 microns, nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej. Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb, nws ib txwm zoo ib yam. Tin txheej txheej ua rau hnav tsis taus, tso cai rau siv cov xaim hlau ntau dua li ib txwm. Cov kev pabcuam lub neej ntawm cov khoom tinned yog ntev dua li ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj txheej. Ib qho ntxiv, cov yam ntxwv thev naus laus zis tseem tau txhim kho nrog cov txheej txheem no. Tab sis nws yuav ua tsis tau zoo los ntsuas txoj kab uas hla tsuas yog los ntawm qhov pom ntawm qhov ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom.

Lub tuab ntawm cov khoom ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau nws tus nqi . Yog li, hauv ntau qhov nws muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua los yuav cov xaim nyias nrog ntu ntu ntawm 1 hli lossis 2 hli. Tab sis qhov no tsis yog ib txwm ua tau. Txog kev tsim cov xov hlau, nws kuj tseem yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account qib ntawm hluav taws xob tiv taus thiab tiv taus cua sov. Hauv ntau cov cuab yeej siv hauv tsev, nws tseem tsim nyog siv cov tooj liab txuas nrog ntu ntu ntawm 3 hli, 4 hli, thiab qee zaum ntau ntxiv. Nws txhua yam nyob ntawm qhov muaj zog npaum li cas tam sim no yuav tsum dhau los ntawm ib qho kev tshwj xeeb.

Rau zais cov thaiv thiab teeb tsa sab hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, xav tau tooj liab ntau dua li tso sab nraud.

Ib qho teeb meem loj rau ntau tus kws tshaj lij DIY thiab txawm tias rau kev cob qhia hauv kev lag luam yog tias cov tooj liab tooj liab insulated yog kim heev .… Tus nqi tiv thaiv txha hniav laus tshwj xeeb. Yog li ntawd, feem ntau lawv tau txais "liab qab" hlau thiab npog nws nrog txheej txheej kua roj vanish. Tab sis tsuas yog cov kws tshaj lij uas tau kawm tiav lossis txaus siab tiag ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob tuaj yeem tiv nrog txoj haujlwm no. Cov xaim mos tau txais los ntawm kev txhuam, thiab nws tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo nyob qhov twg nws yuav tsum tau khawm, khoov hlau.

Tab sis ob qho nyuaj thiab muag ntau yam ntawm cov khoom tuaj yeem muaj:

• xwmfab;
• semicircular;
• seem tiaj (nws tsis tsim nyog tham txog ib puag ncig ib txwm muaj).

Rau rivets

Cov neeg siv khoom lag luam feem ntau yuav cov coils thiab nruas ntawm tooj liab xaim los ua rivets. Qhov taub thiab ntev ntawm cov rivets no txawv heev. Ntxiv rau cov tooj liab ntshiab, lawv kuj tseem siv ntau yam sib xyaw, suav nrog cov uas muaj phosphorus. Qhov tshwj xeeb yog tias thaum lub sij hawm molding lawv tsim lub hauv paus hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub tog raj kheej thiab lub hau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib nrab ib nrab .… Qhov loj ntawm rivets sib txawv heev thiab yuav tsum tau xaiv ib tus zuj zus. Cov khoom riveted yog hollow, ntxiv nrog lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws, tsim los rau kev koom tes lossis rau rauj.

Electrotechnical

Nrog kev pab los ntawm hom hlau no, cov xov hluav taws xob sib txuas thiab cov xov hluav taws xob rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau ua . Nws kuj tseem siv hauv kev tsim cov xaim hluav taws xob sib txuas, cov xov hluav taws xob txuas rau LAN raws tu qauv. Lub cheeb ntawm nominal ntawm cov xaim hluav taws xob tuaj yeem yog 1, 15-4, 5 hli. Ntawm cov zaub mov xa tuaj, cov thawv ntim tau qee zaum tau ruaj nrog daim kab xev yas. Thaum xa cov hlau hauv pob tawb hlau, zaj duab xis ncab yog qhov txhab rau lawv.

Rau kev lag luam electrovacuum

Cov xaim npaj rau nws raug tshuaj xyuas feem ntau los ntawm qhov ntsuas xws li nqus ceev … Nws tau txiav txim siab los ntawm lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb thiab ntu kom tiv thaiv kev nqus cov roj cua thiab nkag mus rau lwm yam tshuaj los ntawm sab nraud. Yog li ntawd, kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb tau them rau kev tshem tawm cov kab tawg me me thiab plaub hau. Teeb meem kuj tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm qhov hws thiab lub plhaub uas sib txuas lus nrog huab cua sab nraud. Kev siv cov hlau uas muaj cov khoom tsis zoo ua rau lub tshuab nqus tsev ib puag ncig tsis zoo ib yam.

Tias yog vim li cas xaim rau kev lag luam electrovacuum yog tsim nrog nruj tswj hwm:

• zinc;
• cadmium;
• manganese;
• tin;
• phosphorus;
• bismuth;
• antimony thiab lwm cov ntsiab lus.

Yog tias peb xav tias muaj cov khoom tsis huv, tom qab ntawd thaum tsim cov khoom lag luam sib txawv, lawv yuav qhuav thiab tsim cov nyiaj tso rau ntawm qhov chaw hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev. Kev txwv tsis pub tshaj tawm ntawm txhua yam tshuaj phem uas tuaj yeem ua kom qhuav thaum tsim cov khoom nqus yog 0, 0001% . Tsis tsuas yog cov ntsiab lus ntshiab raug coj mus rau hauv tus account, tab sis kuj tseem yog lawv cov oxides, oxides. Kev mloog zoo ntawm kev ntxiv cov tshuaj ntxiv kuj tseem nruj me ntsis raws tus qauv, thiab hauv cov cua sov sib txawv hauv tib lub koob, nws tuaj yeem sib txawv me ntsis.

Cov tooj liab tooj liab nrog cov tshuaj uas muaj lub siab yaj ntau feem ntau tau los ntawm kev sib tov cov hmoov thiab tom qab ntawd ua rau lawv sib xyaw. Txawm li cas los xij, tsuas muaj peb qhov tseem ceeb hauv qib electrovacuum tooj liab - MV, MB, MVK . Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov pa kuj tseem ua tau zoo - tsis pub ntau tshaj 0.01% los ntawm qhov hnyav. Kev sib tsoo ntawm tooj liab-tantalum hlau yog nqa tawm hauv induction lub tshuab nqus tsev uas muaj qhov tsawg tsawg seem siab.

Tau kawg, tsuas yog cov kws paub dhau los tuaj yeem xaiv cov hlau tshwj xeeb thiab hom hlau.

Vuam

Tsis muaj teeb meem loj npaum li cas qhov kev thov rau tooj liab hlau nyob hauv kev lag luam xov tooj cua engineering, nws tseem siv tau ntau dua hauv kev siv vuam. Txij li cov tooj liab thiab cov hlau tau txais los ntawm nws lub hauv paus hauv lub xeev ua kua ua rau hnyav nrog oxygen thiab hydrogen, lawv tsuas yog siv hauv qhov cua ntawm cov pa roj inert. Qhov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws yog tau los ntawm kev siv vuam voos hauv qhov chaw helium thiab argon … Tab sis, vim li cas kev lag luam, feem ntau siv nitrogen - nrog kev siv txuj ci, nws hloov pauv kom tsis muaj qhov phem dua. Cov tooj liab tooj liab tau siv hauv phau ntawv thiab siv lub tshuab tsis siv neeg ib nrab, thiab hauv kev ua haujlwm tsis siv neeg tag nrho.

Kev siv roj av ib txwm nrog cov xaim no kuj tseem siv tau .… Tab sis qhov no zoo dua rau cov haujlwm uas tsis xav tau lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Tooj liab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev ua haujlwm sab nrauv thaum tshwj xeeb cov khoom ntxiv (hnav tsis kam, tiv taus xeb, thiab lwm yam) tau muab faib rau cov chaw kho.

Cov khoom lag luam vuam txawv teb chaws tau sau npe raws li AWS (Asmeskas) tus qauv lossis raws li EU xav tau.

Tseem ceeb: nws tsim nyog paub qhov txawv ntawm tooj liab muab tub lim thiab tooj liab-plated hlau . Thaum txoj hlua khi tau tsim tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb xav tau rau lub zog, muaj tooj liab siv (piv txwv li, M1 cov khoom lag luam). Ua noj tas li, cupronickel tau qhia nrog tooj liab-npib tsib xee ntxiv. Nov yog qee qhov kev sib tw ntxiv:

• cov tshuaj ntxiv raws tooj liab thiab npib tsib xee yog tsim rau tooj liab tau los ntawm txhuas;
• tooj liab-silicon hlau yog siv los ua haujlwm nrog silicon-tooj liab, zinc-tooj liab cov qauv, ntxiv rau rau hluav taws xob arc vuam ntawm galvanized hlau puag ncig los ntawm argon;
• tooj liab-tin hlau xav tau rau kev sib txuas hluav taws xob ntawm cov tooj liab-tooj liab tooj liab nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig inert;
• tooj dag (L60-1, L63 thiab lwm tus) yog xav tau los ua cov pa roj av ntawm tooj dag thiab txheej txheej txheej ntawm cov hlau nrog cov pa roj carbon ntau ntxiv.

Npav

Cov npe tshwj xeeb qhia meej tias tooj liab hlau yog rau:

• М1 lossis М1р - siv tshuab hluav taws xob tsis zoo hauv ib puag ncig ruaj khov, tau txais cov hluav taws xob;
• М2р - roj vuam ntawm cov khoom siv tooj liab thoob ntiaj teb;
• MSr1 - lub luag haujlwm roj vuam (nrog rau kev tsim khoom siv hluav taws xob);
• MNZh5-1 - kev tsim cov vuam hluav taws xob;
• BrAMts9-2 - phau ntawv vuam ntawm qee cov hlau phom hauv ib puag ncig tiv thaiv, phau ntawv thiab tshuab ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlau;
• BrKh0, 7-pib siv hluav taws xob vuam ntawm chromium-based tooj liab hauv qab txheej txheej;
• ММЛ - rau lub hom phiaj hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob;
• MS - tsim cov kab kev sib txuas lus ua haujlwm.

Nws siv qhov twg?

Nws nyob ntawm qib hlau; M1 xaim tuaj yeem siv rau hauv av . Nws yog qhov txawv tsis yog los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob zoo tshaj plaws, tab sis kuj yog kev coj ua cua sov zoo heev. Cov khoom no yuav khoov yam tsis muaj teeb meem. Los ntawm M1 xaim, ntau lub xov hlau tau tsim rau huab cua thiab thauj hauv hiav txwv, rau cov khoom siv cryogenic. Tab sis hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob xav tau kom tau txais:

• winding ntawm hluav taws xob motors;
• hlua;
• cov kab thiab cov xov hlau.

Cov vuam hlau uas tau muab tshem tawm hauv cov ntsiab lus saum toj no tau siv los ua kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, thaum lub sij hawm txhuam thiab ua cov silicon muaju. Ntxiv rau cov ntawv thov no, xav tau tooj hlau xaim rau:

• crushing posts;
• tau txais rivets, ntsia hlau thiab lwm yam khoom siv ntxiv;
• tsim kev tsim vaj tsev thiab tshuab luam ntawv;
• kev tsim cov khoom lag luam teeb pom kev zoo;
• kev tsim cov khoom lag luam thiab cov khoom dai kom zoo nkauj;
• tsim cov saw, ib ncig, hlua tes, hlaws dai;
• qee qhov kev pab kho mob (tsuas yog sab nrauv!).

Yuav ntxuav li cas?

Txawm tias cov tooj liab zoo tshaj plaws yog qhov tsis tuaj yeem ua nrog cov oxides hauv kev siv niaj hnub. Lwm yam kab mob paug kuj tuaj yeem ua rau ntawm nws. Ib txoj hauv kev ntxuav tau zoo heev yog muab cov hlau tso rau hauv 70% kua txiv tov . Hauv qhov kev daws teeb meem, cov khoom qias neeg yuav tsum tau muab rhaub; cov kua yuav tsum me ntsis siab dua qib ntawm cov hlau. "Ua noj" yuav siv sijhawm li 30 feeb, tom qab uas xaim raug ntxuav nrog dej thiab cov oxide raug tshem tawm ntawm nws cov tshuab kom huv.

Kev kis kab mob me ntsis raug tshem tawm nrog lws suav ketchup . Tab sis koj tsis tuaj yeem suav txog kev tu txoj hauv kev no thaum muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev. Qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws tau ntev tau lees paub los siv cov tshuaj ammonia (ntawm qhov siab ntawm 10%). Nws yog qhov tsim nyog kom khaws ib feem hauv qhov kev daws teeb meem tsis pub ntev tshaj 10 feeb. Tom qab ua tiav, nws tau muab ntxuav kom huv thiab ntxuav kom huv.