Cov Khaub Ncaws Xoo Hluav Taws Xob: Cov Ntsiab Lus Ntawm Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Tiv Thaiv. Puas Yog Qhov Khaub Ncaws Muab Kev Tiv Thaiv Tiav Los Ntawm Ib Puag Ncig Hluav Taws Xob?

2024 Tus sau: Beatrice Philips | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 05:41

Kev siv lub atom rau kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb lossis tub rog lub hom phiaj tau qhia tias nws muaj kev puas tsuaj rau tib neeg lub cev tsuas yog ib nrab tso tseg. Kev tiv thaiv zoo tshaj plaws yog txheej tuab ntawm qee yam khoom lossis nyob deb ntawm qhov chaw li sai tau. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua haujlwm tas li tab tom ua los tiv thaiv cov ntaub so ntswg muaj sia, thiab twb muaj kev xaiv lawm. Nws tsis yooj yim sua kom qhia txhua yam txog kev hnav khaub ncaws los ntawm hluav taws xob hauv cov ntawv luv luv. Ib qho ntxiv, tej zaum, muaj kev txhim kho zais cia, cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov uas tsis muaj dav.

Peculiarities

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tawg ntawm ionizing hluav taws xob ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg nyob yog qhov paub zoo, thiab txij li nws tau tshawb pom, tib neeg tau ua haujlwm los tiv thaiv cov pej xeem thiab cov tub rog thaum muaj kev siv riam phom ntawm qee yam, xwm txheej hauv kev lag luam uas siv los ntawm atomic zog, cosmic rays, uas yog txaus ntshai. Cov khaub ncaws yooj yim uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv ib tus neeg los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob tsis muaj nyob, tab sis qee qhov kev ua tiav tau tiav lawm - tib neeg muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej los ntawm kev ntws ntawm ions ntau txoj hauv kev.

Ntawm qhov kev txhim kho yog kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab lub cev, nyob nrug deb, tiv thaiv, sijhawm thiab tshuaj lom neeg sib xyaw ua ke.

Kev nplua hluav taws xob yog lub npe dav dav rau cov khaub ncaws tshwj xeeb cuam tshuam nrog txoj kev tiv thaiv.

Cov ntaub ntawv siv hauv nws tiv thaiv hluav taws xob teeb meem nyob ntawm qhov ua rau muaj kev phom sij:

• yooj yim thiab pheej yig txhais tau tias, xws li lub tshuab ua pa thiab hnab looj tes roj hmab, tiv thaiv tiv thaiv hluav taws xob alpha;
• qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev kis mus rau beta cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem tiv thaiv tau nrog kev pab tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv siv hauv pab tub rog - nws suav nrog lub npog ntsej muag roj, cov ntaub tshwj xeeb (iav thiab plexiglass, txhuas, lub teeb hlau tuaj yeem txo qhov raug);
• Cov hlau hnyav tau siv los ntawm hluav taws xob gamma, qee qhov ntawm lawv ua rau lub zog muaj kev phom sij ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua, yog li cov hlau lead feem ntau siv ntau dua li hlau thiab hlau;
• cov khoom siv hluavtaws lossis cov kem dej tuaj yeem txuag hluav taws xob los ntawm neutron; yog li ntawd, polymers, ntau dua li txhuas thiab hlau, tau siv rau kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob.

Ib txheej ntawm ib yam khoom siv hauv kev tsim cov khaub ncaws hluav taws xob raug hu ua ib nrab ntawm qhov ua kom qis yog tias nws muaj peev xwm ua kom txo qis qhov nkag mus ntawm cov ions mus rau cov nqaij mos. Ib txoj hauv kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob yog txhawm rau tsim kom muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo tshaj (nws suav los ntawm kev ntsuas qib hluav taws xob uas tshwm sim ua ntej txheej txheej tau tsim, thiab sib piv nws nrog kev nkag mus tob npaum li cas tom qab tus neeg nyob hauv ib qho chaw nyob).

Nws tsis yooj yim sua nyob rau theem ntawm tib neeg kev paub los tsim cov khaub ncaws thoob ntiaj teb tiv thaiv hluav taws xob uas yuav tiv thaiv txhua hom ions, yog li muaj ntau yam kev xaiv. Tab sis ntxiv rau nws, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tuaj yeem siv los tiv thaiv kev tsim kev puas tsuaj rau cov cell nyob.

Saib

Cov khoom siv tiv thaiv feem ntau thiab paub zoo yog siv los ntawm pab tub rog.

Nov yog cov khoom siv ntau yam uas tso cai rau koj los tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov yeeb ncuab txau tshuaj lom, tshuaj lom neeg thiab, ib feem, hluav taws xob ntawm cov tub rog.

Tig nws sab hauv, koj tuaj yeem zais koj tus kheej hauv thaj chaw daus, vim nws yog dawb hauv. OZK teeb suav nrog cov thom khwm, hnab looj tes thiab lub tsho tiv nag, uas tau ruaj khov nrog ntau yam khoom siv - hlua, pins, kab xev thiab khawm khawm.

OZK muaj nyob hauv ntau qhov siab thiab ntau thiab tsawg, nws tuaj yeem yog lub caij ntuj no thiab lub caij ntuj sov, nws tuaj yeem siv ua ke nrog lub tshuab ua pa lossis lub npog ntsej muag roj . Koj tsis tuaj yeem hnav nws tau ntev, tab sis thawj teev nws tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub cev nqaij daim tawv, thiab tom qab ntawd yog chaw nyob, tiv thaiv tshuaj lossis nrug deb tau siv. Cov khoom lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig tam sim no tau muag hauv khw rau kev yos hav zoov thiab nuv ntses, nws tuaj yeem yuav thiab siv ob qho tib si rau kev siv khoom siv, lub hom phiaj niaj hnub, thiab thaum muaj kev hem thawj ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau hluav taws xob.

Kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb (RPC) tau tsim los tiv thaiv ib tus neeg hauv thaj chaw uas tau siv ua ke

1. Nws muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo heev tiv thaiv beta hais tawm thiab, rau qee qhov, tuaj yeem tiv thaiv qhov cuam tshuam ntawm gamma hluav taws xob. Nyob ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev puas tsuaj hluav taws xob, ib yam ntawm nws tuaj yeem siv tau, tab sis cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv qib siab niaj hnub tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj ntawm alpha thiab beta fluxes, neutrons.
2. Gamma hais tsis tau nruab nrab kiag li, txawm hais tias lub foob yog cov hmoov txhuas (feem ntau xaiv), nrog cov phaj ntawm tungsten, hlau lossis hlau hnyav. Nws txwv txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev txav chaw, tab sis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws hauv thaj chaw muaj teeb meem uas cov duab hluav taws xob gamma yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj.
3. Cov khaub ncaws no suav nrog qhov tshwj xeeb insulating spacesuit, hauv qab nws tau muab tso rau hauv jumpsuit, ris tsho hauv qab, nws tau nruab nrog lub tshuab cua. Tag nrho cov khoom hnyav tshaj 20 kg.

Raws li txoj cai, kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv suav nrog txhua qhov txhais tau tias muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm daim tawv nqaij, mucous membrane, kabmob ntawm lub zeem muag thiab ua pa rau qee lub sijhawm.

Yog li ntawd, hauv cov peev txheej tshwj xeeb, cov npe ntawm cov tsiaj pib nrog lub npog ntsej muag roj tau tsim los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij Lavxias N. Zelinsky thiab tus kws tshaj lij E. Kummant.

Kev nce qib hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev siv lub zog atomic rau kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb thiab kev ua tub rog tau ua rau muaj kev txhim kho ntau dua, tab sis lub npog ntsej muag roj tseem siv, txawm hais tias nws tau hloov pauv ntau.

Qauv saib ua ntej

Lub koom haum rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Nuclear tau tsim RZK rau tua hluav taws ntawm cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear … Nws cov kws sau ntawv mob siab rau lawv txoj kev txhim kho rau cov neeg tsav nkoj ntawm nuclear submarine K-19 thiab Chernobyl liquidators. Thaum tsim nws, kev tu siab ntawm kev puas tsuaj uas tib neeg tsim thiab ua cov ntaub ntawv tau txais tom qab kev foob pob ntawm Hiroshima thiab Nagasaki.

Kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv L-1 - ua los ntawm cov ntaub rubberized. Nws suav nrog jumpsuit, tsho loj, hnab looj tes thiab hnab. Galoshes tau txuas nrog lub jumpsuit, nws hnyav me ntsis thiab muab sijhawm rau koj los tiv thaiv koj tus kheej rau lub sijhawm luv.

Ntxiv rau OZK thiab L -1, muaj lwm hom khoom siv zoo sib xws - " Pass", "Rescuer", "Vympel ", siv dav hauv lub neej txhua hnub, tab sis lawv qhov kev txiav txim siab yog luv-nyob, thiab lawv tsis txuag los ntawm cov ntsiab lus gamma txhua.

Nws siv qhov twg?

RZK, uas pab tiv thaiv nws tus kheej, vim nws qhov hnyav thiab qhov tsis yooj yim ntawm kev txav mus los, feem ntau yog siv rau thaj tsam ntawm kev puas tsuaj uas tib neeg tsim. T Cov neeg tua hluav taws thiab cov neeg tua hluav taws tsuas tsis muaj lwm txoj hauv kev los tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej, txawm tias tsuas yog lub sijhawm luv luv.

OZK tau ua haujlwm nrog pab tub rog, tab sis qhov dav ntawm kev nkag mus thiab qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev yuav khoom coj mus rau nws siv txawm tias yog nuv ntses thiab tua tsiaj.

" Pass", "Rescuer", "Vympel" - ua haujlwm nrog cov tub rog tshwj xeeb . Cov khaub ncaws no muaj qhov sib txawv sib txawv - kev tiv thaiv los ntawm kev lom neeg, cua sov thiab tshuaj lom neeg, tab sis rau qee lub sijhawm lawv tseem tuaj yeem tiv thaiv lub cev (tawv nqaij, tawv nqaij ua pa, qhov muag, raug qhov muaj lub npog ntsej muag roj) los ntawm txhua hom khoom, tsuas yog rau gamma.

Txog hnub tim Kazan tsim cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tshiab tiv thaiv riam phom tshuaj siv los ntawm cov tub rog Islamic hauv Syria … MZK siv tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj tua kab mob, tab sis hauv cov npe ntawm nws muaj peev xwm siv tau thiab nyob hauv thaj chaw uas muaj hluav taws xob puas tsuaj, kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws kho hluav taws xob, cov tua hluav taws, cov tib neeg muaj kev phom sij.