Maas (90 Duab): Nws Yog Dab Tsi, Hom Thiab Hom Twg, Cov Cement-sand Sib Xyaw Hauv 50kg, Nthuav Dav Thiab Nyuab Siab

2024 Tus sau: Beatrice Philips | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-18 12:13

Maas yog qhov tsis tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm. Nws yog cov lus yooj yim rau ntau hom kev kho dua tshiab. Nws muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm ntawm lwm cov ntaub ntawv, thaum nws nyuaj rau nrhiav lwm txoj hauv kev tsim nyog rau cov cement nws tus kheej. Cov khoom siv no tau tsim los thoob ntiaj teb los ntawm cov hom thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tsim cov cement sib tov, xav tawm ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw.

Nws yog dab tsi?

Maas yog sib xyaw ntawm cov pob zeb limestone nrog rau ntxiv cov zaub mov thiab cov khoom siv hluavtaws, uas hu ua cov yas yas, uas tau rov ua dua los ntawm lub khob hliav qab thiab cov txheej txheem tua ntawm qhov kub tshaj 1500 degrees. Lawv tsim nyog los ua kom lub zog muaj zog, thiab tseem ua rau cov txheej txheem ntawm cov dej noo poob los ntawm cov slurry.

Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov zaub mov feem ntau tsis meej pem nrog lwm cov khoom siv hauv tsev - pob zeb ua ke.

Muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm lawv ntawm ntau lub ntsiab lus:

• Cement sib txawv ntawm cov pob zeb hauv qhov nws twb tau siv los kho ua haujlwm los ntawm kev ntxiv dej. Kev sib xyaw ua vaj tsev muaj 4 yam, ib qho yog cov cement.
• Hauv cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke tsis muaj cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke, thiab cov xuab zeb, cov pob zeb tawg, cov pob zeb, cov av nplaum nthuav tau ntxiv rau hauv pob zeb ua ke.
• Vim tias tsis muaj cov ntim loj, cov cement tsim sai dua thiab hloov mus rau hauv kev sib koom ua ke hauv ib qho xwm txheej twg.
• Ntau daim ntawv thov. Txawm hais tias ob qho khoom siv tau siv hauv kev tsim kho, lawv ua haujlwm lub hom phiaj sib txawv. Lub hauv paus thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv nqa khoom tau tsim los ntawm cov pob zeb ua ke. Maas feem ntau ua raws li cov masonry thiab qib khoom.
• Cov yam ntxwv kev ua haujlwm thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg tau tswj hwm los ntawm GOST sib txawv.

Kev tsim khoom thiab ntim khoom

Kev tsim khoom thiab ntim cov cement yog txheej txheem ntev uas xav tau cov cuab yeej siv siab thiab kev tswj hwm. Nws keeb kwm nyob hauv cov pob zeb limestone. Ob hom limestone yog siv. Thawj yog nyob ze rau ntawm qhov chaw, ntawm qhov tob ntawm ob peb kaum centimeters. Qhov no yog qhov hu ua "tus nqi thib ob" limestone, tab sis nws twb muaj hlau, txhuas oxide, silicon thiab lwm yam zaub mov. Lawv muab cov khoom tshwj xeeb rau cov cement sib tov.

Cov txheej thib ob yog nyob ntawm qhov tob ntawm ob peb meters. Nws yog purer, yuav luag dawb ntawm lwm cov zaub mov (tshwj tsis yog calcium carbonate), thiab suav tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws.

Ob hom siv hauv kev tsim khoom, ob qho tib si ntshiab thiab ua ke nyob rau hauv sib txawv proportions nrog txhua lwm yam thiab ntxiv Cheebtsam. Qhov sib piv ntawm thawj chav kawm rau cov khoom hauv chav kawm thib ob, nrog rau hom thiab ntau npaum li cas ntawm cov tshuaj ntxiv, txiav txim siab hom thiab nqi ntawm cov cement. Pob zeb limestone hauv nws lub xeev ntuj yog ib qho khoom siv monolith. Nws tau tawg mus rau hauv cov khoom me me nrog cov khoom tawg, tso lawv hauv cov txheej ntawm cov pob zeb limestone hauv chaw txua txiag zeb, thiab tom qab ntawd sau los ntawm cov neeg nqa khoom. Qhov loj ntawm cov khoom tawg tuaj yeem yog qhov sib txawv, los ntawm pebbles me me mus rau tag nrho lub tsev thaiv. Hauv daim ntawv no, lawv mus rau cov nroj tsuag xis mas.

Ntawm cov nroj tsuag, cov ntaub ntawv raw ua ntej ntawm txhua qhov mus rau "thawj crusher". Hauv nws, cov tawg loj tau tawg mus rau qhov loj ntawm lub pob ntaus pob tesniv. Hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib tsoo cov khoom tawg loj, dej nkag mus rau hauv lub khob hliav qab kom cov hmoov av tsis sawv, thiab ua ke nrog nws, qhov loj ntawm limestone tsis ploj. Cov pob zeb tawg tau raug xa los ntawm lub tshuab thauj khoom mus rau lwm qhov crusher. Hauv nws muaj "sib tsoo" ntawm pob zeb kom tawg ua qhov loj me ntawm pob zeb tawg. Cov qib thib ib thiab qib ob raug sib cais.

Tom qab ntawd cov khoom sib xyaw raw tau tsim rau cov cement ntawm qib sib txawv. Tom qab sib tov, qhov ua tiav "pob" raug xa mus rau lub zeb zebHauv txheej txheem ntawm kev sib tsoo limestone, siv cov tshuaj ntxiv: hmoov magnesium, silicon thiab aluminium oxide, yog tias lawv muaj nyob hauv cov pob zeb limestone hauv qhov tsis txaus. Lub zeb grinds lub pob zeb mus rau pob zeb hmoov. Cov pob zeb noj mov no mus rau lub qhov cub ua ntej. Hauv tsawg dua ib feeb, nws sov li ntawm 80 degrees Celsius txog 800.

Cov txheej txheem no yog qhov tsim nyog txhawm rau txhua yam ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw kom txav mus thiab tau txais lub peev xwm los ua kom khov kho kom ruaj khov thaum sib xyaw ua ke nrog dej thiab hauv kev sib cuag nrog huab cua.

Cov khoom tsis tsim nyog tau sib cais hauv lub rhaub dej kub , txiv qaub tseem haum rau kev tsim kho. Nws mus rau lub tog raj kheej cylindrical. Hauv qab ntawm lub thawv hluav taws xob kub txog 1700 degrees. Qhov hnyav hauv lub qhov cub tawg tau yaj mus rau hauv "iav" pob me me hu ua clinkers. Thaum tawm hauv qhov cub, lawv txias sai nrog cov cua txias mus txog 70-80 degrees. Ceev yog qhov tseem ceeb. Yog tias nws txias qeeb, qhov sib tov tsis zoo. Qhov no yog cov khoom siv raw rau cov cement zoo.

Qhov txias "iav pob" txias dhau mus txog theem kawg ntawm kev ua - zaum kawg zom. Qhov tseeb, qhov no yog kev sib tsoo ntawm cov tawv clinkers ntawm cov hlau sib txawv ntawm txoj kab uas hla, uas muaj kwv yees li ib thiab ib nrab tons hauv ib lub crusher. Thaum sib tsoo clinkers, lumpy gypsum tau ntxiv rau pob zeb hmoov. Nws ua rau cov txheej txheem tawv ntawm cov slurry qeeb. Cov hmoov sib tov tawm hauv lub khob hliav qab yog cov cement. Qee cov tuam ntxhab ntxiv cov yas yas rau nws txhawm rau ntxiv dag zog.

Cov hmoov sib tov ua tiav mus los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntim khoom. Rau qhov no, siv cov tshuab tshwj xeeb nrog lub tshuab xa khoom.

Cov hnab cement tsis tshua muaj ntim me me ntawm 10-15 kg . Feem ntau qhov hnyav yam tsawg kawg yog 25 kg, thiab ib qho uas khiav ntau tshaj yog 50 kg. Hnab 50 kg hu ua slimbegs. Qee lub sij hawm muaj qhov tsis yog-tus qauv ntawm 30, 35, 42, 46 kg. Lub hnab ntim khoom muaj ntau txheej (2 txog 5) ntawm cov ntawv paj ntaub. Kuj tseem muaj cov ntim ntim rau kev tsim kho ntawm cov khoom lag luam - cov hnab loj. Cov no yog cov thawv ntim khoom ua los ntawm lub zog muaj zog polypropylene lossis nylon nrog lossis tsis muaj txhav txhav txhav thiab kab. Qhov hnyav ntawm cov cement hauv cov hnab loj yog los ntawm 300 txog 3000 kg.

Cov hnab loj muaj tus lej zoo ntawm cov ntim ntim ib txwm:

• kev lag luam muag lag luam ntawm cov cement txo tus nqi rau 1 kg ntawm qhov sib xyaw;
• cov ntim mos muaj cov hlua rau thauj khoom;
• Lawv yog lub luag haujlwm hnyav, rov siv tau thiab rov ua dua tshiab;
• plhaub polypropylene txuas lub neej txee, vim nws tiv thaiv cov cement los ntawm qhov tsis zoo ntawm ib puag ncig sab nraud;
• cov thawv tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog cov kab rau tiv tshav kub, tiv thaiv zoo li qub, tsis muaj dej, tiv thaiv UV.

Ntau yam

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm "grey powdery substance" tsis yog qhov tseeb rau cov cement. Nws kuj tuaj hauv xim txawv. Xim tau muab rau nws los ntawm ntau yam ntxiv uas cuam tshuam rau nws cov yam ntxwv zoo, thiab xim. Ntxiv rau qhov ntxoov ntxoo, cov khoom siv kuj sib txawv hauv lwm yam txheej txheem. Kev faib tawm yog ua raws li kev sib xyaw ua ke, lub hom phiaj, pom cov hmoov thiab daws, thiab lub teb chaws tuaj.

Hais txog kev muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov khoom, ib tus tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv:

Sulfate-resistant sib tov . Lawv tau los ntawm kev sib tsoo clinkers, tab sis tsis ntxiv cov khoom siv ntxhia. Tsis tas li, hauv kev tsim cov cement zoo li no, 90-92% ntawm calcium aluminates raug tshem tawm ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Lawv tau ntxiv rau pob zeb ua ke thaum xav tau cov khoom uas yuav muab faib sib npaug hauv qhov hws ntawm cov pob zeb yam tsis ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam sab hauv.

Portland MAAs . Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, muaj ntau cov hmoov txhuv nplej hmoov tau qhia rau hauv nws. Qhov tshwm sim yog txheej txheej tawv tawv, ruaj khov. Lub zog ntawm txheej yog qhov ua kom zoo tsis yog rau cov khoom "matured" nyob rau lub lim tiam thib plaub, tab sis kuj nyob rau hnub thib peb. Qhov no pab txhawb rau qhov tseeb tias cov cement, thaum ua kom tawv tawv, tau txais lub zog ntau dua thiab tiv taus kev puas tsuaj. Nws tsis tawg thiab tiv taus ntau yam kev ua haujlwm poob siab thiab thauj khoom. Xws li cov khoom sib xyaw tau ntxiv rau qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov pob zeb hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv ua vaj tsev. Lawv kuj tseem siv hauv kev tsim tsev.

Nrog PAD cov tshuaj ntxiv . Cov no suav nrog cov khoom siv hluavtaws thiab cov yas yas, tus nqi uas tuaj yeem ncav cuag peb feem kaum ntawm tag nrho cov pawg. Lawv yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev nqus ntawm cov xuab zeb xis mas, uas yog, lawv ntim txhua pob zeb ua ke nrog cov yeeb yaj kiab uas tsis tso cai rau cov khoom sib koom ua ke. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, ob qho tib si cov cement cug nws tus kheej thiab nws qhov kev sib txuas nrog cov pob zeb tau txais kev ywj pheej thiab yooj yim kom haum, qib ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm.

• Hydrosulfoaluminate . Cov cement qhuav ziab sai no feem ntau raug xa mus rau nthuav tawm vim tias nws muaj peev xwm nthuav dav ntim thaum lub sijhawm "teeb tsa" txheej txheem. Qhov no tshwm sim vim qhov tseeb tias calcium sulfatoaluminates tau ntxiv rau qhov sib xyaw qhuav, uas, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv dej, nce ntim los ntawm ib thiab ib nrab lossis 2.5 zaug (piv rau cov khoom qub). Thaum qhuav, qhov hnyav nce 2%. Dua li ntawm qhov "poov xab" cov nyhuv, nws muaj qhov ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntaws zoo li no "poov xab" cov nyhuv.
• Gypsum los yog cement kev nyuaj siab . Tib yam li kev nthuav tawm tus kheej, tsuas yog cov khoom sib xyaw hauv nws hloov pauv. Nws yog dab tsi, nws yog qhov tseeb los ntawm lub npe ntawm cov khoom siv.

Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj los ua haujlwm nrog cov cement hauv cov ntub dej. Yog li nws nthuav dav ntau dua thiab muab cov txiaj ntsig siab tshaj plaws. Hom kev nthuav dav ntawm cov cement tau siv rau qib cov pob qij txha ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tsev tsim ua vaj tsev ua tiav. Nws tsim cov dej tsis zoo, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim kho cov txheej txheem hydraulic thiab cov kav dej siab.

Aluminous . Lub npe ntawm hom cement no yog qhia. Nws tau los ntawm limestone, uas tau muab tso ze rau cov av nplaum hauv cov av. Hauv cov txheej txheem ci thiab sib tsoo, ntau cov pob zeb limestone nrog ib feem ntawm alumina tau ntxiv rau qhov sib xyaw. Nws, nyeg, muaj aluminates, uas hloov cov cement mus rau qhov chaw teeb tsa sai, cov khoom khov nrog cov khoom siv hydraulic. Xws li cov khoom lag luam tshwj xeeb hauv nws cov yam ntxwv kev ua haujlwm. Nws tau siv hauv qhov xwm txheej tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim thaum nws tsim nyog los ua haujlwm kho sai sai hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm cov av noo siab, nag lossis daus, kub qis. Alumina MAAs tsis yog capricious hauv qhov kev hwm no thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ib yam hauv cov xwm txheej sib txawv. Qhov no ua rau nws tus nqi siab.

Hydrophobic . Nws tau los ntawm kev sib tsoo pob zeb hauv av clinkers nrog ntau yam ntxiv. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv dej tsim nyog, xws li asidol (rho tawm los ntawm kev ua kerosene, hnub ci thiab roj av pov tseg cov roj tsim nrog ntxiv ntawm sulfuric acid). Kev siv cov xab npum xab npum thiab cov ntxhia roj, oleic acid, thiab cov khoom siv hluavtaws ua rau muaj roj ntau.

Qhov zoo ntawm hydrophobic MAAs yog nws qhov siab tiv taus thiab dej tsis kam, nrog rau nws lub peev xwm khaws cia hauv ib qho xwm txheej yam tsis poob nws cov khoom. Nws tsis ruaj khov dua li lwm hom, yog li nws tsis haum rau kev txhawb nqa cov pob zeb ua haujlwm. Nws yog siv los tsim cov teeb meem ntxeem tau cov nplais pob zeb.

• Shrink-resistant . Nws yog kev sib xyaw ntawm peb ntu: gypsum, txiv qaub thiab alumina limestone. Gypsum yog siv ib nrab dej, txiv qaub yog slaked. Thaum lub sijhawm ua kom qhuav, nws tsis nthuav dav thiab tsis ntsws. Lawv tau siv hauv kev tsim kho cov hauv paus tsev, cov kab hauv av.
• Magnesian . Tau txais nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev uas txawv radically los ntawm kev tsim cov cement xis mas. Cov no yog cov sib xyaw ntawm magnesium oxide thiab cov kua dej ntawm magnesium chloride. Qhov sib xyaw ua ke no tsuas yog ua kom sov txog li 800 degrees Celsius, thiab tom qab ntawd, thaum nws sib zog ua rau tag nrho cov xim dawb, nws tau tawg. Cov cement no zoo ib yam hauv nws cov khoom rau gypsum thiab tau siv ntau dua rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv, qib hauv pem teb thiab rau lub hom phiaj kev tsim vaj tsev.

Pozzolanic . Rau nws cov khoom tsim tawm, cov tshuaj ua kom muaj ntxhia (cov av nplaum hlawv, cov hmoov tshauv) tau ntxiv rau pob zeb hmoov los ntawm clinkers. Cov ntaub ntawv no npaj tau yooj yim thiab pheej yig, thiab lawv cov kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov cement yog qhov tseem ceeb, yog li tus nqi ntawm tag nrho cov pawg yog qis dua rau "ntshiab" cov cement. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv khov, nws tiv taus dej ntxuav tawm thiab xau. Cov ntawv thov - cov dej hauv qab thiab hauv av. Cov cement ruaj khov yuav tsum nyob hauv ib puag ncig dej lossis saum npoo txhua lub sijhawm, yam tsis muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov dej noo.

• Silicate . Txhua tus neeg uas muaj kev kho hniav tau paub zoo txog cov khoom no. Kev sib xyaw ua kom tawg zoo nrog cov tshuaj loj ntawm sodium thiab calcium fluorides tau siv hauv kev kho hniav. Hauv nws cov qauv, nws zoo ib yam li cov hniav hniav. Dej tsis tau siv ua kua; tshwj xeeb cov sib xyaw xav tau rau nws qhov kev nthuav tawm. Nws tuaj yeem diluted nrog dej rau siv ua haujlwm sab hauv ua tiav raws li cov khoom siv rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj. Tus nqi ntawm cov xis mas yog siab heev.
• Polycarboxylate . Cov tshuaj nrog qib siab ntawm cov nplaum rau cov ntaub so ntswg organic. Zoo li cov cement silicate, nws muaj me ntsis ua nrog kev tsim kho thiab siv rau lub hom phiaj kho mob. Tshwj xeeb, rau sau cov hniav mis.

• Slag . Hmoov sib tov ntawm cov cement, gypsum thiab blast-furnace slag. Cov slag suav txog 20 txog 60% ntawm tag nrho cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Qhov ntau nws yog, qhov ua haujlwm tsawg dua cov cement. Nws lub zog nce ntxiv nyob rau lub sijhawm. Tiv taus kom ruaj khov rau ib puag ncig cuam tshuam, tab sis tsis zam qhov kub thiab qhov av noo.
• Lime thiab slag . Hauv nws, ntxiv rau cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm slag cement, muaj ib feem ntawm cov txiv qaub. Lub zog ntawm cov khoom tsis siab heev, yog li ntawd, kev daws teeb meem yog siv thaum tso thiab ua cov qib qis. Yuav ntxiv rau plaster.
• Backfill . Nws qhov kev thov tshwj xeeb yog ntsaws cov roj thiab cov nkev. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj ntau lub luag haujlwm lav phib xaub, hydrophobicity thiab lub zog siab.

Chaw tsim tshuaj paus

Cov tuam txhab tsim khoom lag luam suav nrog kev faib khoom lag luam tseem ceeb. Lub xeev tus qauv hauv Suav teb thiab Russia rau cov khoom siv no sib txawv, yog li cov khoom lag luam hauv Suav teb, uas tau muab rau ntawm kev ua lag luam raws li cov cement ntawm 500 hom, yog qhov tseeb ze rau 400. Los ntawm cov khoom sib txawv tsis muaj cov tshuaj ntxiv, Portland MAAs thiab nrawm nrawm.

Kev sib tw loj rau Suav tuam txhab tsim khoom - turkish xis mas … Nws ua tiav nrog European cov qauv zoo. Nrog cov yam ntxwv tsis zoo, cov ntaub ntawv Turkish tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm ntau qhov kev ntsuas. Lawv tsis yog tus nqi ntau, txij li txoj hauv kev qhuav ntawm kev ua cov ntaub ntawv raw muaj yeej ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom hauv Turkey. Nws yog kev lag luam ntau dua thiab nrawm dua li txoj kev ntub dej, uas tseem nrov nyob hauv Russia. Cov khoom raug thauj mus rau kev lag luam ntawm lwm lub tebchaws hauv hnab loj nrog txhua txoj hauv kev tiv thaiv tau. Nws tuaj txog ntawm qhov chaw nyab xeeb thiab muaj suab nrov thiab tuaj yeem khaws cia hauv daim ntawv no ntev.

Cov khoom siv ntawm Turkish cement yog hom twg los ntawm 300 txog 500 hom. Nws raug nquahu kom yuav nws hauv cov ntawv ntim khoom. Hauv hnab "tsis muaj npe", cov hmoov cement, uas twb tau rov ua dua thiab ntim tom qab hnub tas sij hawm, tuaj yeem muag tau, tejzaum nws tsis muaj dab tsi ua nrog Qaib Cov Txwv. Indian cement tau npaj txhij txog qhov ua tau zoo rau cov neeg siv khoom Lavxias. Hauv kev muag khoom qeb, nws tsis tu ncua nyob hauv nws txoj haujlwm hauv thawj tsib kab. Txhua cov ntaub ntawv raw ua raws cov qauv, thiab cov khoom tiv nrog lawv cov haujlwm 100%.

Ntau qhov kev tsim khoom tsis tau xav txog ntawm cov npe - Iran thiab Egypt … Maas ntawm kev tsim khoom hauv tsev kuj yog qhov zoo. Nws qhov zoo suav nrog ntau yam khoom lag luam, ua raws li lub xeev cov qauv, thiab tus nqi qis dua li cov tuam txhab tsim khoom los ntawm lwm lub tebchaws. Qhov no tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias tus nqi tsis suav nrog tus nqi thauj mus los hla ciam teb. Cov cement hauv Lavxias feem ntau yog tsim hauv cov hnab me me hauv cov ntawv thiab cov hnab polypropylene tsis muaj txheej tiv thaiv sab hauv, uas txo nws lub neej txee hauv qee qhov xwm txheej.

Cov khoom tsim los ntawm hauv brazil … Tsis muaj kev sim nrog cov khoom sib xyaw (txog rau kev rov ua dua tshiab ntawm cov khoom siv ceramic) ua rau nws tsis zoo. Hauv kab khoom, koj tuaj yeem pom cov khoom haum rau kev xav tau tshwj xeeb thiab kev ua haujlwm. Cov khoom lag luam Asmeskas tau tsim nws tus kheej.

Nws yog kev sib tw nrog cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov tebchaws ntawm thaj av Asian - Nyiv, Nyab Laj, Kaus Lim Qab Teb … Cov khoom lag luam German yog nrov ntawm cov tuam txhab European.

Xim

Cov xim ib txwm ntawm cov cement yog tsaus lossis lub teeb txho. Qee hom tsiaj tuaj yeem muaj qhov ntxoov ntxoo sib txawv (magnesia thiab silicate) thaum tsim khoom. Lawv yog cov dawb los ntawm qhov. Ib feem ntawm cov cement tau pleev xim rau hauv graphite, yuav luag xim dub. Qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov muaj cov khoom siv ntxiv thiab cov zas xim. Xim xim tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim. Nws yog siv los ua cov khoom zoo nkauj thiab ua haujlwm ntxiv hauv cov qhob cib thiab cov qib sib xyaw hauv pem teb. Ib txheej xim txheej ua kom yooj yim rau kev ua tiav thaum siv tus kheej-qib sib xyaw hauv pem teb sib xyaw.

Maas yog xim nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev: ncaj qha thaum tsim khoom (txoj hauv kev muaj kev ntseeg siab dua thiab kev lag luam) thiab nrog kev pab los ntawm cov hmoov pigmented thaum lub sij hawm dilution ntawm cov tshuaj. Cov xim dawb-ntws ua rau nws muaj peev xwm zas cov xim sib xyaw ua xim, ua nws liab, xiav lossis ntshav. Tab sis xws li ntau yam xav tau hauv qhov tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb, thaum cov cement txheej ua haujlwm tam sim ntawd thiab zoo nkauj. Ua ke sib tsoo thiab tua cov clinkers nrog cov oxide ntawm qee cov hlau ua kom muaj xim zoo dua, tab sis qhov ntau ntawm cov xim raug txwv rau ntsuab, daj thiab xim dub ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ci.

Cov khoom sib xyaw no tau ntxiv rau hauv pob zeb ua kom nws muaj xim zoo nkauj. Nws cov xim yuav tsis hnav thiab ploj mus rau lub sijhawm, hauv qhov sib piv rau cov tshuaj tov nrog cov xim.

Thaum siv cov xim xis mas, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account tias qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov xim xim tsis tseem ceeb, tab sis tseem cuam tshuam nws cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb. Yeej, qhov no cuam tshuam rau kev txo qis ntawm cov tshuaj. Nws tau tshaj tawm ntau dua li ntawm cov khoom tsis muaj xim.

Hom: yuav xaiv li cas?

Nws tsis yog ib qho yooj yim rau cov kws tshaj lij hauv kev kho thiab tsim kho kom nkag siab tias cov tsiaj ntawv txawv txawv ntawm cov ntawv ntim cov cement txhais tau li cas, yuav xaiv cov khoom zoo li cas raws li cov cim lej thiab lej, leej twg teeb tsa lawv, thiab yuav ua li cas thiaj nrhiav tau txoj cai cov khoom siv los ua lub hauv paus. Kev cim cov cement tau ua tiav raws li GOST. Txij li me ntsis ntau dua 10 xyoo dhau los, feem ntau lees txais tus qauv rau Russia tau hloov mus rau European ib qho, kev tsis sib haum xeeb tuaj yeem tshwm sim. Tsis yog txhua tus neeg tsim khoom tau hloov mus rau lub npe tshiab, thiab qee zaum nws nyuaj rau txiav txim siab qhov xav tau sulfate-resistant M500 nyob rau hauv lawv cov lej qub.

Cov txheej txheem qub tau tsuas yog ob lub npe: PC (Portland cement) thiab SHPC (slag Portland cement). Qhov zoo tau txiav txim siab los ntawm hom khoom los ntawm 300 txog 500, thiab tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj ntxiv tau txiav txim siab los ntawm tsab ntawv D. Piv txwv li, ПЦ300Д20 txhais tau tias muaj Portland MAAs hauv lub hnab nrog 20% ntxiv ntawm ntau yam tshuaj. Cov txheej txheem nyob sab Europe tau hloov pauv tseem ceeb rau cov kab ke no. Tam sim no pob ntawv qhia lub npe ntawm cov cement (zoo li ntawm txhua European ntim nrog cov cement - CEM (los ntawm cov cement), chav kawm muaj zog, yam thiab ntau npaum li cas ntxiv, yam ntxwv ntxiv.

Kev faib ua pawg tau nthuav dav mus rau tsib txoj haujlwm:

• CEM I yog sib npaug rau Portland cement (PC).
• CEM II - PC nrog ntxiv cov ntxhia keeb kwm. Cov chav kawm no muaj cov chav kawm A thiab B, qhia txog tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj ntxiv hauv qhov sib xyaw. Ntawm lub ntim, cov lej tau qhia tsis muaj%, tab sis qhov sib piv tau ntsuas hauv lawv.

Lub npe tseeb ntawm cov tshuaj ntxiv tau qhia los ntawm kev sib tsoo. W txhais tau tias slags, Kuv - cov ntsiab lus txiv qaub, Z - tshauv, MK - cov khoom siv silicon. Burnt shale, silicate hmoov av, pozzolana tuaj yeem ntxiv tau.

• CEM III - PC nrog slag. Nws kuj muaj cov subclass, tab sis tsuas yog ib qho - A. Nws qhia txog feem pua ntawm slag hauv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg.
• CEM IV - pozzolanic.
• CEM V - kev sib xyaw.

Lub zog muaj zog tau ua raws los ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw . Qhov ntsuas ntsuas yog ntsuas hauv qhov hnyav hnyav ib cubic centimeter. Txais cov cai: 22, 5–32, 5, 42, 5-52, 5. Cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm xaus nrog kev txiav txim siab ntawm tus nqi ntawm kev ua kom muaj zog ntawm cov tshuaj. H - ib txwm, B - kev teeb tsa nrawm nrawm. Rau qhov kev xaiv thib ob, txheej txheej muaj zog rau 2-3 hnub yuav tsum tau qhia ntxiv.

Yuav ua dab tsi rau cov neeg uas tau siv rau hom qub ntawm kev kos, thiab yuav xaiv qhov twg uas zoo tshaj rau lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb? Txheeb lub zog ntawm tus qauv qub rau lub zog ntawm tus qauv tshiab.

Maas ntawm M100 thiab M200 hom (lub zog - 12, 5 kg ib square centimeter) tau siv rau txhua yam kev tsim kho thiab kho ua haujlwm ntiag tug. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm nws tsis zoo li ntawm kev tsim khoom, yog li nws tau daws nrog ntau lub luag haujlwm. Mortar M100 lossis M200 yog qhov tsim nyog rau cov nplais ntxhib ntxhib, ua haujlwm cib ntawm qhov muab faib sab hauv tsev, qib phab ntsa thiab sib khi tsis xws luag, plastering. Hauv ob peb xyoos dhau los, cov npe no tau raug tshem tawm vim qhov tsis zoo.

Tam sim no qhov tsawg tshaj plaws lees paub yog M300 (lub zog - 22.5 kg ib square centimeter). Nws tuaj yeem siv rau kev ua vaj tsev ntawm thaj chaw nyob, qhov cub, qhov cub, hauv kev tsim kho loj, ua haujlwm kho dua tshiab, nchuav cov ntsia hlau, lub hauv paus, rau sib xyaw nrog cov khoom siv ua vaj tse. Nws kuj koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov pob zeb ua kom muaj zog ntxiv. Cov khoom lag luam muaj lub zog tso cai ntawm SNiP, lawv haum rau siv nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv ntawm lub xyoo, lawv tiv taus cov dej noo thiab sulfates, thiab yooj yim siv hauv daim ntawv ua kua. Tab sis M300 poob luv ntawm qhov ua tau zoo. Yog tias ua tau, koj yuav tsum xyuam xim rau cov khoom lag luam siab dua.

М400 (32.5 kg / cm2) siab zog , tsis corrode, tiv taus ya raws thiab qis kub, hnav-tiv taus. Nws suav tias yog pheej yig thiab muaj ntau yam zoo. Nyob ntawm cov tshuaj ntxiv, nws tuaj yeem siv rau kev tsim kho ntiag tug thiab loj. Lub hauv paus, suav nrog cov uas tau npaj ua ntej, nrog rau cov qauv hauv kev sib cuag nrog dej tau tsim los ntawm cov cement ntshiab ntawm 400 hom. Hydrophobic additives ua rau nws tsim nyog rau kev tsim kho ntawm phab ntsa vaj huam sib luag los ntawm cov khoom siv dag zog siab nrog cov tshuaj ntxiv los ua thaiv cov thaiv, hauv pem teb, hauv paus.

M500 thiab M550, uas feem ntau muab tso rau hauv ib kab , muaj lub zog ntsuas nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm 42, 5-52, 5 kg / cm2. Cov hom cement no muaj kev tiv taus zoo rau huab cua hauv ntiaj teb, tsis ntshai dej, khov, hloov pauv kub, sulfates, yuav luag tsis ntsws, thiab yooj yim siv. Lawv tau siv rau kev tsim khoom ntawm cov chav kawm siab prefabricated reinforced qhob qauv.

Maas М600 (52, 5-62, 5 kg / cm2) feem ntau yog siv hauv cov xwm txheej tsis zoo rau kev rov ua haujlwm thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev. Nws tau txhim kho cov yam ntxwv hauv kev cuam tshuam nrog M500. Rau kev siv ntiag tug, tsis tas yuav siv cov khoom no ruaj khov thiab teeb tsa sai. Koj tuaj yeem txwv koj tus kheej rau M400-550. Nws yuav tiv taus txhua yam los ntawm kev tsim lub hauv paus rau lub tsev ob-zaj dab neeg los tso lub qhov cub hauv lub tsev no. M700 - M1000 hom xa mus rau cov ntaub ntawv tshaj lij tshaj lij.

Cia

Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev thiab xaiv rau khaws cia cov cement qhuav:

Hauv tsev . Nws tsis yog txoj hauv kev ntseeg tau tshaj plaws kom khaws cov khoom tsim nyog rau kev tsim kho thiab kho. Qhov ua yuam kev ib txwm yog xav tias cov cement qhuav txaus hauv qhov chaw sov thiab tsis xav tau kev tiv thaiv ntxiv. Qhov no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau ntim khoom siv tes ua. Txawm nyob hauv tsev yuav muaj huab cua ntau dhau, uas yog vim li cas cov cement thiaj poob qee yam ntawm nws cov yam ntxwv. Thiab yog tias dej nkag rau nws, tom qab ntawd nws pib ua pob hauv pob. Tsis tas li, nws lub xeev ua haujlwm tau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev cuam tshuam nrog oxygen. Nws yog ib qho catalyst rau ntau yam. Nws cov nyhuv ntawm cov cement kuj txo cov yam ntxwv zoo.

• Sab nraum . Nov yog txhua qhov kev phom sij pom tseeb: qhov cuam tshuam ntawm ib puag ncig tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom puas tsawg dua rau lub hlis. Tau kawg, nws yuav tsis tso tseg kom dhau los ua cov dej khov thaum ntxiv dej, tshwj tsis yog nws ua kom khov tag nrho lub hnab, tab sis kev khaws cia tsis zoo cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom - nws cov haujlwm. Nov yog nws cov peev txheej kev sib raug zoo tiag tiag thiab kev ua raws lub npe. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws, cov cement tawg yuav poob 10-15%, thiab hloov M300 nws yuav coj tus yam ntxwv zoo li M200 tsis tsim nyog.
• Nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav thiab lub caij ntuj sov . Hauv lub caij sov, cov cement tau raug teeb meem los ntawm cov av noo siab, kis mus rau ultraviolet hluav taws xob los ntawm tshav ntuj ncaj qha, thiab muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm tsev cog khoom nyob hauv qab polyethylene.

• Lub caij ntuj no-caij nplooj zeeg muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm los nag, thiab rau qee qhov sib xyaw ua kom khov heev thiab hloov pauv kub yog qhov tsis zoo. Txawm tias ua ntej tig mus rau hauv slurry, cov cement twb poob nws cov txiaj ntsig zoo.
• Hauv hnab (ntawv lossis propylene) . Ob daim ntawv thiab polypropylene muaj peev xwm tso dej noo kom dhau mus, yog li txhua lub thawv xav tau kev tiv thaiv ntxiv.
• Nyob rau hauv tej . Qhov teeb meem tshaj plaws rau kev khaws cia ntev. Cov cement ntau yog cov hmoov qhuav uas tau xa mus rau tus neeg yuav khoom hauv cov thawv ntim, thiab tom qab ntawd yooj yim nchuav rau hauv ib pawg uas tsis muaj lub thawv ntim khoom. Koj xav tau txoj hauv kev tshwj xeeb rau nws, thiab nws yog qhov zoo dua los xaj cov cement no txhua qhov ua ntej pib tsim lossis kho.

Kwv yees lub txee lub neej ntawm cov cement raws li qhov zoo yog 1.5-2 xyoo. Yog li nws tsis poob nws cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb nrog cov txheej txheem khaws cia sib txawv, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom ua raws cov lus pom zoo ntawm cov kws tshaj lij. Nws raug nquahu kom yuav cov cement sai sai ua ntej siv hauv qhov nyiaj uas yuav ploj mus rau ntau daim ntawv thov.

Yog tias, qee qhov laj thawj, kev tsim kho kev ua haujlwm raug cuam tshuam, thiab cov cement tseem nyob hauv qhov me me, nws tuaj yeem khaws cia hauv tsev. Chav tsim nyog yuav tsum qhuav, nyob deb ntawm chav uas siv dej tas li (tsis yog lub sam thiaj lossis loggia, tsis yog hauv qab daus), thiab tso cua tawm. Qee lub sij hawm, cov hnab yuav tsum tau muab tig kom cov cement tsis ncuav. Kev ntim khoom tsis ruaj khov tuaj yeem tiv thaiv nrog lub hnab hnyav siv pov tseg (ua los ntawm PVC ntawv ci). Nws tsis raug nquahu kom ntim ntau dua yog tias lub neej txee tau ntau dua 6 lub hlis, txij li cov tshuaj lom tshwm sim hauv huab cua qhib. Qhov kub nyob hauv chav yuav tsum tsis txhob siab tshaj 20-25 degrees, yog li tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam tsev cog khoom sab hauv. Hws kuj tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom puas.

Nws nyuaj rau tso cov khoom lag luam loj nyob hauv thaj chaw nyob; nws yuav tsum raug coj tawm mus rau hauv txoj kev.

Txhawm rau tiv thaiv nws los ntawm dampness, koj xav tau:

• xaiv qhov chaw qhuav tshaj plaws;
• npog lub hauv paus (hauv av, hauv pem teb) nrog PVC zaj duab xis hauv ib txheej kom cov tshuaj tsis nqus dej los ntawm cov av;
• teeb ntoo pallets rau saum. Nws raug nquahu kom kho cov pallets nrog cov primer thiab kua roj vanish lossis xim, vim ntoo kuj muaj qhov nqus tau zoo. Yav tom ntej, lawv yuav los ua ke ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb ntau dua ib zaug;

• rov qab txhua lub hnab nrog cov yeeb yaj kiab;
• muab tso rau hauv lub hnab ntim pov tseg muaj zog ntxiv rau 120 litres, kaw rau saum nrog daim kab xev nplaum;
• insulate nrog cov khaub ncaws qub, quav nyab lossis sawdust;
• muab tso rau hauv qab lub tsev los yog hauv kev tsim tawm. Hauv daim ntawv no, cov cement yuav raug khaws cia rau ntau lub caij uas tsis poob nws cov khoom.

Ib qho tseem ceeb yog qhov tseem ceeb: kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm cov cement ntau dua, nws poob sai dua.

Cov cement ntau yog khaws cia hauv qhov hu ua cement pits. Kev npaj lawv yuav siv sijhawm ntau thiab siv zog. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los khawb qhov tob, txhawb nws cov phab ntsa kom lawv tsis tawg, saib xyuas ob peb txheej ntawm kev tiv thaiv dej thiab ua kom zoo cua sov rwb thaiv tsev, thiab teeb tsa lub ru tsev. Cov ntaub plaub ntxhia, cov ntawv ci thiab PVC zaj duab xis rau cov laj thawj no yuav raug nqi tsawg dua li cov pob zeb tshiab, yog li ntawd, cov khoom siv hauv tsev tsis tau yuav ua ntej.

Daim ntawv thov

Nrog kev pab ntawm cov cement, ntau yam kev tsim kho thiab kho vajtse raug daws. Hauv qee kis, nws muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm nws tus kheej, thiab qee qhov nws tsim cov khoom sib xyaw nrog cov khoom ntxiv lossis nws tus kheej dhau los ua ib feem ntawm kev sib xyaw tsev.

Feem ntau siv rau cov cement:

• Ncuav lub hauv paus rau lub tsev ntiag tug lossis chaw tso tsheb. Nws tsis siv rau hauv nws daim ntawv dawb huv vim nws qhov hnyav hnyav dhau. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, nws tau nkag mus rau hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke uas muaj cov av qhuav qhuav, pob zeb lossis pob zeb tawg, ASG, dej. Maas ntawm no ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm phau ntawv tuav thiab tivthaiv ywj.
• Sau hauv av screed. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv yuav luag txhua chav. Nrog rau qhov sib luag ntawm cov av hauv av uas tsis muaj qhov tsis xws luag thiab qhov sib txawv loj hauv qhov siab, cov cement screed nyias ntawm 30-40 hli tuaj yeem faib nrog. Rau thaj chaw muaj teeb meem ntau, nws tau siv hauv ob txheej. Tsis tas li ntawd, nrog kev pab ntawm cov cement, koj tuaj yeem ua qhov ntxig ntxig rau hauv cov chav uas xav tau kev tso dej, lossis sau rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov dej-rhaub hauv av txhawm rau txhawm rau zam kev puas tsuaj rau lub cev los ntawm qhov kub sib txawv hauv cov kav dej. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom siv cov kua qaub-resistant cement thiab cement-sand sib tov rau screeds.

• Kev tsim cov txheej txheem ua vaj tsev txhawb ntxiv thiab cov hauv paus ua kom tiav, cov plag tsev thiab cov phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev. Kev nyuab siab (nyuab siab) cov cement xav tau ntawm no.
• Kev tsim kho vaj tse hauv dej, kev tsim kho txoj kev, kev tsim kho choj, qhov av, ntau lub tsev nyob hauv tsev.
• Cib ua cib. Hauv qhov no, kua cement ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm mastic, txuas cov cib, thaiv, ntuj thiab kho kom zoo nkauj pob zeb, thiab lwm yam khoom tso. Masonry tsis yog siv rau kev tsim kho ib feem thiab phab ntsa hauv chav xwb, tabsis tseem siv rau kev tsim cov qhov cub thiab qhov cub. Hauv ob kis dhau los, xav tau cov cement refractory, tsis qis dua M400.

• Plastering thiab leveling ntawm qab nthab thiab phab ntsa sab hauv thiab sab nraum thaj chaw. Kev daws teeb meem limestone uas tau tawg ua ke nrog qhov ntxiv ntawm cov teeb meem gypsum cement, ua rau lawv haum rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj. Txij li cov txheej txheem ntev, PVA kua nplaum tau ntxiv rau cov tshuaj ua kom tiav, uas ua rau qeeb ntawm kev ya raws ntawm cov dej noo thiab txhim kho kev nplaum rau qhov chaw ua haujlwm.
• Kev tiv thaiv dej. Ib daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom siv rwb thaiv tsev tuaj yeem "cog" ntawm cov cement mortar kom nws tsis ntab thaum cov screed tau nchuav.
• Kev tsim khoom ntawm paving slabs thiab lwm yam khoom zoo nkauj. Xim xis mas nrog qhov zoo nkauj zoo nkauj tau siv ntawm no.
• Lub koom haum ntawm txoj kev hauv vaj siv cov cuab yeej txhawb nqa.

• Rau qhov chaw dig muag. Cov qauv no ua lub luag haujlwm tshem tawm cov kua ua kua thiab yaj dej los ntawm lub tsev. Hauv qhov no, 30-40% ntawm cov khoom siv feem ntau ntawm cov hom av nplaum nthuav dav, tawg cib, slag tau ntxiv rau cov cement sib tov.
• "Ironing". Nws ua haujlwm raws li kev tiv thaiv "plhaub" ntawm cov pob zeb ua haujlwm. Ib txheej nyias ntawm cov kua ua kua sib xyaw ua ke tau thov, thiab tom qab tawv tawv, nws tau rub rau kom du.
• Kho kom zoo nkauj. Maas zoo kawg nkaus hloov pauv gypsum rau tsim cov duab puab, chaw ua si thiab vaj dai kom zoo nkauj hauv cov paj txaj, cov lauj kaub thiab cov paj paj.