2024 Tus sau: Beatrice Philips | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-15 04:12
Ntoo yog cov khoom siv ncaj ncees uas pom nws daim ntawv thov hauv ntau thaj chaw ntawm tib neeg lub neej. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsis yog txhua tus neeg paub tias cov ntaub ntawv raw muaj tus lej tshwj xeeb. Hnub no hauv peb tsab xov xwm peb yuav ua tib zoo saib cov khoom siv ntoo.
Peculiarities
Cov khoom siv dag zog ntawm ntoo qhia txog qhov zoo tag nrho ntawm cov khoom thiab yog ncaj qha rau nws. Qhov ntsuas tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov cuab yeej muaj zog suav nrog lub peev xwm ntawm tsob ntoo tuaj yeem tiv taus ntau yam zoo li qub thiab muaj zog.
Rau qhov ntawd los txiav txim siab cov khoom siv dag zog uas cov khoom muaj, nws tau ncab, nrawm, khoov thiab khoov . Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias ntoo hu ua anisotropic khoom, feem, cov khoom siv raw tuaj yeem muaj cov khoom sib txawv nyob ntawm qhov kev taw qhia uas nws cuam tshuam. Muaj 2 cov lus qhia nyob rau hauv tag nrho: radial thiab tangential.
Lub zog yog dab tsi thiab nws nyob ntawm dab tsi?
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntoo yog nws lub zog. Cov yam ntxwv muaj zog muaj feem cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau qib thiab qib ntawm cov khoom siv tuaj yeem tiv taus thiab tiv taus qhov tsis xav tau
Nws tsim nyog sau cia qhov tseeb tias muaj kev sib raug zoo ncaj qha ntawm lub zog thiab kev coj ua ntawm cov ntoo. Yog li, lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv raw yog 20 npaug ntxiv thaum qhov cuam tshuam nrog cov fibers ntau dua yog tias lub siab tau thov hla.
Qhov nruab nrab (thiaj li hu ua "nruab nrab") chav kawm yog nyob hauv conifers . Cov nqi siab dua yog tus yam ntxwv, piv txwv li, rau cov ntoo ntoo - uas yog vim li cas ntau yam kev txhawb nqa thiab txhawb nqa cov qauv yog feem ntau ua los ntawm nws, ntxiv rau cov ntsiab lus uas ua rau hnav tsis kam yog qhov tseem ceeb.
Nws yog qhov nthuav. Qhov ntsuas ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm tso cai thiab nws cov kev txwv (ob qhov tsawg kawg thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws) tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab nws tus kheej hauv tsev. Cov txheej txheem no tau ua tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb hauv kev sim. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev sim thiab sim tau ua tiav tshwj xeeb raws lub xeev txoj cai tam sim no.
Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias qib ntawm lub zog thiab kev ywj pheej yog cuam tshuam los ntawm qib dej noo . Yog li, thaum moistened, cov kev cuam tshuam tshwj xeeb tshwm sim sab hauv ntoo, uas txo nws lub zog. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev muab no cuam tshuam tsuas yog tias cov dej noo nce mus txog 25%. Kev ntub dej ntxiv tsis txawv ntawm qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb thiab tsis cuam tshuam rau lub zog ntsuas. Cov kws tshaj lij nkag siab qhov no.
Rau qhov ntawd los sib piv lub zog ntsuas ntawm cov pob zeb sib txawv, koj yuav tsum paub tseeb tias lawv cov ntsuas dej noo noo zoo ib yam - tsuas yog qhov no nws tuaj yeem tham txog lub hom phiaj thiab qhov tsis ncaj ncees.
Ntxiv nrog rau cov dej noo, thaum ntsuas lub zog, nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas qhov xwm txheej thiab lub sijhawm ntawm kev thauj khoom . Piv txwv li, cov khoom ntim zoo li qub. Ib qho ntxiv, lawv yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev nce qeeb thiab maj mam nce ntxiv. Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov hloov pauv tau yooj yim. Ib txoj kev lossis lwm qhov, ob lub nra tuaj yeem ua kom ntoo puas.
Nws kuj tseem yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias qhov ntsuas lub zog, nws cov kev txwv thiab txwv sib txawv nyob ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev hloov pauv
Ncab . Yog tias peb tham txog lub zog tensile ntawm ntoo, tom qab ntawv qhov ntsuas no yog 1,300 kgf / cm2 (thiab qhov ntsuas no muaj feem cuam tshuam rau txhua yam). Hauv qhov xwm txheej zoo li no, tus qauv sab hauv ntawm ntoo yog qhov tseem ceeb txiav txim siab. Yog tias cov fibers tau teeb tsa kom raug thiab teeb tsa, tom qab ntawd lub zog nce ntxiv (thiab rov ua dua). Lub zog sib txawv nyob ntawm seb ntoo tau ncab raws lossis hla. Hauv thawj kis, qhov ntsuas yog loj heev, thiab qhov thib ob, nws yog 20 npaug tsawg dua thiab ntau npaum li 65 kgf / cm2. Nws yog vim cov yam ntxwv zoo li no uas ntoo tsis tshua siv los tsim cov khoom lag luam uas ua haujlwm hauv kev hloov pauv nrawm.
Compression . Zoo li lwm yam cuam tshuam rau ntoo, nws tuaj yeem nqa tawm ob qho tib si hauv qhov ntev thiab kab lus qhia. Yog tias peb tham txog kev sib zog ntawm cov fibers, tom qab ntawd nws tsim nyog sau cia tias hauv qhov no pob zeb yuav luv dua (qhov no yog qhov txheej txheem deformation yuav tshwm rau sab nraud). Nws kuj tseem yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias lub zog ntawm cov ntoo, uas tau nrawm tsis raws, tab sis hla, tau txo qis, tshwj xeeb yog 8 zaug. Hauv qhov chaw kuaj mob, tsob ntoo tau muab cog rau hauv cov lus qhia radial thiab tangential. Hauv chav kawm ntawm kev ua tiav cov kev sim no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim kom muaj tseeb tias lub zog sib zog ntawm cov pob zeb sib txawv tsis zoo ib yam. Yog li, cov pob zeb nrog cov duab hluav taws xob sib txawv los ntawm qhov ntsuas siab dua hauv qab kev sib zog radial. Ntawm qhov tod tes, conifers qhia ncaj ncees lub zog muaj txiaj ntsig txawm tias nyob hauv qhov tangential compression.
Dab tsi khoov . Cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm hom kev cuam tshuam no, xws li khoov zoo li qub, yog txheej ntoo sib txawv tau txais cov txiaj ntsig sib txawv, uas yog, txheej txheej ntoo tau txais kev nyuaj siab, thiab qis dua - ncab raws cov fibers. Nruab nrab ntawm txheej txheej sab saud thiab qis dua muaj txheej tshwj xeeb uas tsis muaj kev nyuaj siab. Kev lig kev cai, txheej no hu ua nruab nrab. Thaum pib, kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov khoom siv pib hauv thaj tsam qis dua, hauv kev txuas nrog uas cov ntoo ntoo hnyav tau tawg. Muaj qhov ntsuas qhov nruab nrab lub zog, uas yog qhov raug rau ntau hom ntoo, nws yog 1,000 kgf / cm2 (thaum yuav muaj qhov sib txawv los ntawm qhov ntsuas no nyob ntawm qhov cim tshwj xeeb ntawm txhua hom tshwj xeeb, nrog rau qib ntawm ya raws).
Ua haujlwm Yeej, shear yog deformation, uas yog kev txav ntawm ib feem hauv kev cuam tshuam nrog lwm qhov. Muaj ntau hom sib txawv ntawm kev txiav: txiav (nws tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv txhua txoj kev) thiab txiav. Hauv qhov no, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb los saib xyuas seb tsob ntoo tseem nyob li cas. Yog li, chipping raws qhov tsis zoo cuam tshuam rau qhov ntsuas lub zog, pob zeb tseem muaj zog thaum lub sij hawm hla chipping.
Raws li peb tau pom, lub zog yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntoo. Tib lub sijhawm, ntau yam kev cuam tshuam tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nws qib. Tag nrho cov xwm txheej no yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv kom tsis txhob ua txhaum nws txoj kev ncaj ncees.
Lwm yam khoom siv yooj yim
Ntxiv rau qhov muaj zog, ntoo tseem muaj qhov zoo ntawm lwm yam khoom siv thiab lub cev-tshuab yam ntxwv. Cia peb ua tibzoo saib ntawm lub hauv paus.
Hardness
Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau hais txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj tsim raws li qhov nyuaj. Hardness yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom siv thiab yog lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom siv raw los tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam nrog kev nkag mus ntawm lub cev ruaj khov ntawm qee yam . Sib txawv ntawm qhov kawg thiab sab tawv (nyob ntawm ib sab ntawm cov khoom uas cuam tshuam). Qhov kawg hardness yog siab dua ntawm nws qhov kev ua tau zoo.
Tseem ceeb. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg qhov tseeb no: txawm hais tias qee hom ntoo tau txawv los ntawm qib nce ntawm qhov tawv, cov khoom no tseem qis dua hauv cov yam ntxwv no rau cov khoom siv raw, piv txwv li, hlau.
Nyob ntawm qhov ntsuas qhov hnyav, cov khoom siv hauv tsev xws li ntoo tau muab faib ua 3 pawg loj:
- mos (piv txwv li, ntoo thuv, spruce, cedar, fir, linden, aspen, alder, txiv ntseej, thiab lwm yam);
- khoom;
- nyuaj ntxiv.
Raws li, hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm qee yam khoom, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account xws li qhov ntsuas raws li qhov hnyav. Piv txwv li, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los ua cov khoom dai kom zoo nkauj los ntawm ntau yam muag muag, thiab tsuas yog tshwj xeeb yog cov tawv sib txawv uas haum rau tsim cov qauv kev txhawb nqa.
Qhov tawv ntoo yog qhov tseem ceeb thaum siv thiab ua cov khoom . Nyob ntawm koj qhov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb thiab thaj tsam ntawm kev thov ntoo, ib lossis lwm qhov kev xaiv yuav yog qhov cuam tshuam tshaj plaws thiab haum.
Lub zog muaj zog
Lwm tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb uas sib txawv ntawm qee hom ntoo (piv txwv li, maple thiab spruce) yog qhov muaj zog. Cov cuab yeej no txheeb xyuas thiab txiav txim siab lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom siv kom nqus tau cov khoom hnyav . Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, siab zog cuam tshuam ntau dua, kev puas tsuaj tsawg dua thiab kev ua txhaum cai ncaj ncees koj yuav pom ntawm tsob ntoo hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev siv cov khoom hnyav no. Feem ntau, peb tuaj yeem hais tias rau feem ntau cov tsiaj txhu qhov ntsuas no yog nyob rau qib siab.
Hnav tsis kam
Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau them rau hnav tsis kam, vim nws yog qhov ntsuas no uas txiav txim siab seb cov ntoo puas muaj peev xwm tiv taus kev cuam tshuam nrog kev thauj khoom ntev. Nyob ntawm seb qhov kev hnav ua haujlwm siab npaum li cas, lub neej ua tau ntawm cov khoom siv yuav sib txawv . Qib ntawm kev hnav tsis taus yog txiav txim siab cuam tshuam los ntawm kev txiav thiab cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm txhua hom ntoo tshwj xeeb. Nws yuav tsum tau nco txog tias kev hnav tsis kam siab yog yam ntxwv ntawm qhov kawg. Hais txog kev hnav tsis kam, ntoo qhuav thiab ntub sib txawv - thawj zaug muaj qib siab dua.
Lub peev xwm tuav cov hlau mounts
Raws li tau hais los saum no, ntoo yog ib qho ntawm cov neeg nyiam tshaj plaws, nthuav dav thiab xav tau cov ntaub ntawv uas tau siv los tsim cov rooj tog zaum, cov khoom zoo nkauj thiab ntau lwm cov khoom lag luam. Raws li, thaum ua nws, coob tus fasteners tau tsav mus rau nws, feem ntau - hlau . Yog li ntawd, qhov ntsuas no zoo li lub peev xwm tuav cov hlau txuas yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj. Yog li, piv txwv li, cov ntsia hlau tuaj yeem txiav lossis txav sib nrug ntawm cov ntoo ntawm tsob ntoo, thiab cov ntsia hlau tuaj yeem ntes cov fibers.
Muaj peev xwm khoov
Txhawm rau tsim cov khoom lag luam zoo nkauj thiab zoo nkauj, ntoo yuav tsum tau muab tais. Hauv qhov no, lub peev xwm khoov tau yog lwm yam khoom siv tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntoo. Thov nco ntsoov tias cov tsiaj sib txawv muaj qib sib txawv ntawm kev muaj peev xwm khoov . Yog li, piv txwv li, hais txog cov conifers, txoj cai yog tias thaum khoov cov koob yuav tsum tau ua kom ntub, tab sis tsob ntoo qhuav ua haujlwm tsis khoov (thiab thaum siv lub zog siab, nws tuaj yeem tawg tag nrho).
Deformability
Cov yam ntxwv deformation kuj tseem ceeb. Lawv cuam tshuam sai npaum li cas (yog li) hom ntoo ntoo rov zoo los ntawm kev cuam tshuam luv luv. Ua ke nrog deformability, xws li tus yam ntxwv raws li tus qauv elasticity kuj ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb.
Vim yog qhov tseeb tias ntoo tau siv hauv ntau yam hauv tib neeg lub neej thiab yog ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xav tau tshaj plaws, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev kom paub txhua yam nws lub hauv paus. Raws li, ua ntej siv cov khoom siv los tsim qee yam khoom (piv txwv li, rooj tog zaum, cov khoom zoo nkauj, thiab lwm yam) txhua yam khoom siv tshuaj, lub cev thiab lub tshuab yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo tshuaj xyuas. Tsuas yog tom qab ntawd koj cov khoom yuav ruaj khov thiab ntseeg tau. Nco ntsoov tias ntau hom ntoo sib haum rau lub hom phiaj sib txawv. Ib qho ntxiv, qee lub pob zeb tsis tuaj yeem nthuav tawm txhua qhov, txwv tsis pub lawv tsuas yuav tawg. Qhov kev paub no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov kws tshaj lij kev ua haujlwm thiab lwm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm kev tsim kho kev lag luam.
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