Polyethylene: Nws Yog Dab Tsi Thiab Nws Yog Dab Tsi? Daim Ntawv Thov Thiab Cov Khoom Lag Luam, Lub Cev Muaj Zog Thiab Tsim Khoom, Tsim Cov Extruded Thiab Lwm Yam Khoom Siv

2024 Tus sau: Beatrice Philips | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 05:41

Niaj hnub no kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg yog ib qho ntawm kev loj hlob sai tshaj plaws. Cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom ua haujlwm ntawm kev txhim kho cov kev tshawb fawb tshiab tshaj plaws, tshwj xeeb, ntawm kev tsim ntau yam khoom siv tshiab. Ib qho ntawm cov neeg nyiam tshaj plaws yog polyethylene. Xav txog cov yam ntxwv, cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm polyethylene, nrog rau nws qhov dav.

Nws yog dab tsi?

Ua ntej tshaj plaws, koj yuav tsum txiav txim siab seb polyethylene yog dab tsi. Qhov tseeb, cov khoom no yog thermoplastic ethylene polymer . Nws tuaj yeem raug cais raws li polyolefin. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm polyethylene suav nrog kev xaiv uas, los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg pom, cov khoom siv yog cov organic sib xyaw, thiab nws cov molecules muaj qhov ntev ntev.

Yog tias peb tham txog cov yam ntxwv sab nraud ntawm cov khoom, tom qab ntawv nws feem ntau nthuav tawm hauv daim ntawv nyias nyias uas tuaj yeem tsis muaj xim lossis dawb . Polyethylene yog qhov nyuaj heev rau kov. Nws yog qhov ntau heev uas yog cov khoom siv raw thiab siv rau ntau lub hom phiaj.

Cov kws tshawb fawb uas tsim polyethylene tsis hais tias cov khoom siv zoo tagnrho. Zoo li lwm yam tshuaj lom neeg sib xyaw, nws muaj cov lej tshwj xeeb uas yog qhov zoo thiab tsis zoo.

Cia peb xav txog lawv hauv kev nthuav dav ntxiv.

Qhov zoo ntawm polyethylene suav nrog cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:

• qib siab ntawm lub zog (hauv qhov no, peb txhais tau tias qhov tseeb tias cov khoom tuaj yeem tiv taus cov khoom puas thiab lwm yam kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig tsis zoo);
• elasticity;
• waterproofness;
• yooj yim ntawm kev siv;
• qib qis ntawm thermal conductivity;
• kev nyab xeeb rau tib neeg (polyethylene tsis tso tawm cov tshuaj uas tuaj yeem tsim kev puas tsuaj rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv);
• tus nqi pheej yig;
• ntau yam ntawm;
• varied designs thiab ntau ntxiv.

Tab sis txawm hais tias muaj coob tus yam ntxwv zoo, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau nco txog qhov ua tsis tau tam sim no:

• kev puas tsuaj nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm tshav ntuj ncaj qha;
• txheeb ze tsis taus;
• ib puag ncig muaj kuab paug, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb yam ntxwv tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom.

Yuav ua li cas thiab los ntawm dab tsi lawv ua?

Txoj hauv kev tau txais thiab txheej txheem tsim cov polyethylene yog qhov tshwj xeeb rau cov kws tshawb fawb. Yog li, kev sib tham tshuaj lom neeg tau txais los ntawm ethylene. Cov khoom siv raw yog raug rau txheej txheem polymerization uas yuav tsum tau ua.

Thaum pib, polyethylene muaj cov granules, qhov loj ntawm thaj tsam li ntawm 2 txog 5 mm. Cov khoom tau txais nws cov lus kawg los ntawm cov txheej txheem kho cua sov, uas tau ua tiav siv cov cuab yeej tsim tshwj xeeb.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, niaj hnub no, cov kws tshaj lij hauv kev tshuaj lom neeg sib txawv ntau hom polyethylene, txhua tus uas tau ua raws li tus kheej thev naus laus zis.

Khoom

Txhawm rau kom paub koj tus kheej nrog cov khoom siv hauv kev nthuav dav, koj yuav tsum txheeb xyuas nws cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb (suav nrog lub cev thiab tshuaj). Tom qab tag nrho, polyethylene muaj cov khoom tshwj xeeb uas txawv nws los ntawm lwm qhov sib xyaw.

Yog li, cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom suav nrog:

• raws li txoj cai dav dav, polyethylene yog pob tshab (qhov no tsuas yog siv rau cov tshuaj sib xyaw kom huv, tsis muaj qhov tsis huv), thaum txheej txheem zas xim, cov khoom tuaj yeem tau txais lwm yam xim (dub, dawb, liab thiab ntau yam ntxiv);
• cov khoom siv tau ruaj khov hauv cov qauv;
• txheej txheem crystallization ntawm cov khoom siv yog ua los ntawm qhov kub ntawm -60 txog -369 degrees Celsius;
• tsis hnov tsw;
• qhov ntsuas me me ntawm qhov hnyav;
• qhov ntom ntawm cov khoom tsis ruaj khov, nws nyob ntawm seb cov polyethylene tau txais li cas;
• tshuaj lom neeg muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev poob siab absorber;
• qib qis ntawm cov nplaum;
• qis coefficient ntawm kev sib txhuam;
• waterproofness;
• polyethylene hla cov txheej txheem muag muag ntawm qhov kub ntawm +80 txog +120 degrees Celsius;
• tiv taus kub tsawg;
• yooj;
• cov yam ntxwv dielectric;
• ua luam dej thiab tiv thaiv dej;
• lom inertness;
• thermal conductivity;
• thaum lub sijhawm decomposition, polyethylene tsis tso tawm cov tshuaj uas tsim kev puas tsuaj rau tib neeg;
• tsis kam mus rau cov tshuaj lom neeg sib xyaw.

Cov khoom ntawm polyethylene rau feem ntau txiav txim siab thaj chaw ntawm nws siv.

Txheej txheem cej luam ntawm Ceev Views

Niaj hnub no muaj ntau hom polyethylene. Yog li, ntawm kev ua lag luam koj tuaj yeem pom cov extruded, qis molecular hnyav, npuas, yob, lub zog siab thiab cov khoom hloov pauv siab. Raws li, thaum xaiv polyethylene, koj yuav tsum ua tib zoo mloog rau daim ntawv lo.

Txhawm rau kom yooj yim ntawm cov neeg siv, cov tuam txhab tsim khoom tau lees paub kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ua ntau pawg . Xav txog cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv.

Siab

Zus tau tej cov kev kub ceev polyethylene, ib tug xov tooj ntawm nkag tau yog yuav tsum tau. Tshwj xeeb, huab cua kub yuav tsum nyob ntawm 200 txog 260 degrees Celsius, qhov siab yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 300 MPa . Ib qho ntxiv, yuav tsum muaj lub catalyst, ua haujlwm uas tuaj yeem ua los ntawm cov pa lossis cov organic peroxide. Cov txheej txheem kev tsim khoom nws tus kheej yog ua tiav hauv lub tshuab nqus dej lossis lub tshuab raj tubular.

Hais txog cov yam ntxwv ncaj qha ntawm cov khoom siv, ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ขึ้น ขึ้น ຂຶ້ນ ລົງ thiab ua kom muaj zog polyethylene. Nws tau tshaj tawm cov yam ntxwv dielectric. Lub peculiarity ntawm cov khoom siv yog tias cov polyethylene yog qhov yooj yim dua kom rov ua dua tshiab.

Tsawg

Cov xwm txheej tsim nyog kom tau txais cov ntom ntom polyethylene yuav tsum yog raws li hauv qab no:

• ntsuas ntsuas kub - 120-150 degrees Celsius;
• qib siab - 0, 1-2 MPa;
• muaj cov catalyst, piv txwv li Ziegler-Natta catalysts.

Raws li cov txheej txheem polymerization, cov khoom siv tau tsim uas tso cai txias txias mus rau -80 degrees Celsius.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tsis tshua muaj ceev polyethylene yog heev lub teeb thiab elastic, thiab nws saum npoo muaj ib tug yam ntxwv gloss.

Nruab nrab

Polyethylene ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom nruab nrab tau tsim tawm ntawm qhov kub ntawm 100-120 degrees Celsius. Hauv qhov no, qhov siab yuav tsum yog qib 3-4 MPa, thiab nws tau pom zoo kom siv cov sib xyaw ntawm TiCl4 thiab AlR3 ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv . Nws yuav tsum tau nyob hauv siab tias qhov sib xyaw zaum kawg yuav tsim nyob rau hauv flakes.

Yog li, ntau yam uas twb muaj lawm ntawm polyethylene txawv ob qho tib si hauv lawv cov khoom thiab cov yam ntxwv, thiab hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim khoom.

Nrov manufacturers

Vim yog qhov tseeb tias polyethylene yog cov khoom siv uas tau nthuav dav, yog qhov nyiam thiab xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom, ntau hom npe tau koom nrog nws cov khoom lag luam. Cia peb xav txog qhov tseem ceeb.

Kazanorgsintez

Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Lavxias Federation, lub tuam txhab no yog ib tus neeg tsim khoom loj tshaj plaws ntawm polyethylene (thiab thaj tsam suav nrog cov khoom siv ob qho tib si qis thiab siab). Txawm hais tias qhov khoom lag luam no tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo 1950, thawj pawg ntawm cov khoom tau tshwm sim tsuas yog 13 xyoos tom qab . Nws tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias hom khoom lag luam suav nrog tsis yog polyethylene nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj muaj lwm cov tshuaj sib xyaw. Raws li lub npe qhia, lub tuam txhab nyob hauv Kazan.

Nizhnekamskneftekhim

Cov chaw tsim khoom ntawm cov nroj tsuag, nrog rau cov khoom lag luam lawv tus kheej los ntawm Nizhnekamskneftekhim, ua tau raws li txhua qhov kev xav tau niaj hnub no. Lub tuam txhab cov neeg ua haujlwm tau tsom mus rau kev qhia txog cov thev naus laus zis tshiab thiab kev txhim kho kev tshawb fawb . Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsuas yog cov khoom siv raw zoo tau siv ntawm no. Raws li rau cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm polyethylene los ntawm lub tuam txhab no, nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg xws li cov khoom zoo li qib siab ntawm cov nplaum, du thiab pob tshab, ua raws li cov txheej txheem thoob ntiaj teb thiab ntau lwm yam zoo.

Cov tshuaj "Stavrolen"

Lub tuam txhab no koom nrog hauv kev tsim ntau yam khoom siv roj av. Thawj thawj zaug, Stavrolen tsim cov tshuaj polyethylene hauv cov hmoov. Lub tuam txhab cov khoom sib raug rau qib ntiaj teb thiab xav tau ntawm ntau cov neeg siv khoom . Cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub tuam txhab siv cov txheej txheem polymerization hauv lub xeev muaj roj kom tau txais cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg.

Tomskneftekhim

Lub tuam txhab Tomskneftekhim tsim cov tshuaj polyethylene siv cov thev naus laus zis polymerization, uas yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm kev kub siab hauv lub reactor. Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov khoom lag luam no nrov tsis yog hauv khw lag luam nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj tseem xa tawm txawv teb chaws . Txhawm rau tsim cov khoom siv raw, uas yog lub hauv paus pib rau kev tsim cov tshuaj polyethylene, Tomskneftekhim tau koom nrog hauv kev ua cov hydrocarbons (piv txwv li, cov roj liquefied thiab roj av).

Angarsk Polymer Cog

Cov nroj tsuag tau koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov qib high-density polyethylene qib 10803-020 V / C. Raws li kev ntim khoom ntau lawm, lub tuam txhab tsim tawm txog 300 tons ntawm cov khoom hauv 1 xyoos. Polyethylene ntawm hom khoom no yog qhov zoo thiab muaj daim ntawv pov thawj tsim nyog . Cov tshuaj lom neeg sib xyaw ntawm lub tuam txhab no tau muab faib ua 3 pawg: qib siab, qib ib thiab qib ob. Hais txog qhov ntom ntom ntom ntom, cov khoom siv no yog nyob ntawm qib 0.90 g / cm3. Qhov elongation ntawm so yog 550%. Polyethylene "Angarsk Polymer Plant" yog siv rau kev tsim cov khoom lag luam, khoom ua si, ntim khoom, khoom ua liaj ua teb thiab lwm yam.

Ufaorgsintez (Bashneft): koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim?

Lub tuam txhab no yog ib qho ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom polyethylene qub tshaj plaws ntawm thaj chaw ntawm peb lub xeev. Kev tsim cov tshuaj polyethylene sib xyaw hauv lub hauv paus ntawm Ufaorgsintez (Bashneft) hnub rov qab rau xyoo 1967. Lub tuam txhab tsim ntau hom khoom sib txawv uas ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev ua lag luam . Polyethylene ntawm cov cim lag luam no tau siv los ua cov khoom lag luam, ntim khoom noj thiab tshuaj, menyuam cov khoom ua si thiab lwm yam khoom lag luam.

"Polymir" tshuaj

Lub tuam txhab no nyob hauv Belarus. Txawm li cas los xij, lub tuam txhab cov khoom lag luam tau nthuav dav thiab nrov nyob deb dhau ciam teb ntawm lub tebchaws no. Polyethylene los ntawm "Polimir" khaws nws cov kev sib tw vim yog cov cuab yeej siv siab ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, ntau yam khoom lag luam thiab cov khoom siv raw zoo . Hais txog ntau yam khoom siv, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias lub tuam txhab tsim cov khoom ntawm qib 10204-003, 10803020, 15803-020 thiab ntau yam ntxiv. Ntxiv mus, txhua ntawm cov npe no tau siv rau kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau pawg ntawm cov khoom lag luam (piv txwv li, kav dej, zaj duab xis, ntawv, ntawv pleev xim).

Gazprom neftekhim Salavat

Kev tsim cov polyethylene tau ua tiav hauv ntau qhov kev cob qhia ntawm tsob ntoo. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov khoom siv qis thiab siab ntog mus muag. Qhov chaw ntawm lub Hoobkas yog Salavat, Koom pheej ntawm Bashkortostan. Ethylene, butene, hydrogen thiab hexane tau siv ua cov ntaub ntawv pib.

Yog li, ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Lavxias Lavxias muaj ntau lub tsev tsim khoom thiab cov chaw tsim khoom uas koom nrog kev tsim khoom ntawm polyethylene . Qhov tseeb no ua pov thawj tias cov khoom siv tau nthuav dav, nrov thiab tsis tseem ceeb hauv ntau thaj chaw ntawm tib neeg kev ua. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov khoom siv hauv tsev yog qhov ua tau zoo.

Daim ntawv thov

Raws li tau hais los saum no, polyethylene yog ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nthuav dav tshaj plaws thiab xav tau, feem, nws tau siv rau ntau thaj chaw thiab rau kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau yam khoom.

Daim ntawv thov ntawm polyethylene:

tsim cov khoom noj ntom ntom thiab cov yeeb yaj kiab kev ua haujlwm hauv yob

tsim cov ntim thiab ntim khoom (piv txwv li, hnab yas)

tsim cov kav dej phwj tuaj, nrog rau cov kav dej rau dej

kev tsim cov ntawv rau rwb thaiv tsev (piv txwv li, rwb thaiv tsev hluav taws xob)

tsim cov kua nplaum kub yaj

kev tsim cov cua sov insulators

Qhov no, tau kawg, tsis yog daim ntawv teev npe tiav.

Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias kev siv polyethylene thoob plaws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau lub xeev ib puag ncig ntawm ib puag ncig.

Qhov ntawd yog qhov ntawd cov ntaub ntawv no decomposes rau lub sijhawm ntev dua (hauv qee kis cov khoom tsis decompose txhua) . Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kuab paug hauv huab cua, dej hiav txwv thiab ntiaj chaw tag nrho, ntxiv rau lwm qhov tsis zoo (piv txwv li, ntau tus tsiaj tuag los ntawm kev noj cov tshuaj polyethylene).

Pov tseg

Polyethylene tuaj yeem yog thawj lossis theem ob. Qhov no txhais tau tias tom qab tsim cov khoom lag luam polyethylene thawj zaug siv tsis tau, nws tuaj yeem rov ua dua thiab rov siv tau. Cov txheej txheem xws li extrusion, tshuab moulding, txhaj tshuaj molding thiab pneumatic molding tau siv los ua cov txheej txheem polyethylene.

Raws li rau cov txheej txheem pov tseg ncaj qha, feem ntau yog txoj hauv kev tua hluav taws . Txawm li cas los xij, sai li sai tau thaum cov tshuaj polyethylene raug rhaub (piv txwv li, nyob hauv tshav ntuj ncaj qha), nws tso tawm cov khoom tsis haum. Raws li, txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov dej kub npau npau sib xyaw ua tiav.

Yog li, txheej txheem ntawm kev hlawv cov polyethylene los ntawm nws cov yam ntxwv thiab cov yam ntxwv yog txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg.

Cov yam ntxwv decomposition

Raws li tau hais dhau los, polyethylene yog cov khoom siv uas decompose rau lub sijhawm ntev heev, nws yuav siv sijhawm ntau xyoo los ua kom tiav cov txheej txheem no. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev zom zaub mov lom ntawm cov tshuaj sib xyaw no tau dhau los ua neeg nyiam niaj hnub no.

Yog li, rau kev siv cov txheej txheem biodegradation, tshwj xeeb pwm Penicillium simplicissimum tau siv . Nrog lawv cov kev pab, polyethylene tuaj yeem siv tau ib nrab hauv 90 hnub. Txawm li cas los xij, txhawm rau cov txheej txheem no kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li sai tau, cov khoom yuav tsum xub kho nrog nitric acid. Ntxiv rau hom kab mob saum toj no, kev siv cov kab mob me me Nocardia asteroides kuj tau pom zoo. Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias kev sib cais ntawm polyethylene (txawm tias siv cov kab mob tshwj xeeb) tuaj yeem siv sijhawm ntau xyoo (tsawg kawg 8).

Polyethylene yog cov khoom nrov thiab xav tau uas siv rau ntau lub hom phiaj. Hauv nws lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg, nws txawv ntawm ntau lwm cov ntaub ntawv, vim tias nws tau nthuav dav. Ntxiv mus, muaj ntau yam sib txawv ntawm nws, txhua tus uas muaj nws tus kheej cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb.