Ntoo: Nws Yog Dab Tsi? Hom Thiab Ntau Yam, Ntoo Ntev Tshaj, Kho Qhov Pom Kev Thiab Cov Cuab Yeej

2024 Tus sau: Beatrice Philips | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-07 13:51

Kawm paub txog ntoo ntau li ntau tau cov ntaub ntawv yog qhov tseem ceeb rau txhua tus neeg uas txiav txim siab tsim, kho lossis tsim qee yam tawm ntawm ntoo. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau coj mus rau hauv tus account lawv hom thiab ntau yam, xaiv cov ntoo uas tsim nyog tshaj plaws rau lawv lub hom phiaj. Thiab koj tseem yuav tsum txheeb xyuas cov kev xaiv rau kev pom ntoo kom raug thiab xaiv cov cuab yeej uas haum rau cov haujlwm sib txawv.

Nws yog dab tsi?

Hauv ib puag ncig kev tshaj lij, ntoo tau txhais tias yog ib qho ntoo uas tau khaws cia ua lub cev qub thiab tshuaj; hauv kev hais lus niaj hnub, ntoo tseem suav nrog lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Txhawm rau kom tau ntoo, siv:

• industrially ntog ntoo;
• ntoo ntog los ntawm txhais tes;
• cov tsiaj tsim nyog ntawm tsob ntoo nws tus kheej poob (tsis tshua muaj);
• nplawm thiab lawv qhov chaw.

Hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov ntoo, ntau qhov kev faib ua feem tau siv hauv txoj kab hla lossis txoj kab uas hla. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, peb tab tom tham txog cov txheej txheem no:

• sawing;
• phiaj xwm;
• ua nrog cutters;
• sib cais;
• tev tawm;
• crushing (sib tsoo).

Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias ntoo tsis tuaj yeem sib xyaw nrog cov khoom lag luam rov ua dua tshiab xws li:

• nrog glued ntoo;
• nrog ntau hom plywood;
• nrog chipboard, fiberboard, MDF.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntoo yog, tau kawg, lawv keeb kwm thiab yooj yim siv hauv ntau kis. Thiab tseem pom zoo ntawm cov khoom lag luam no yog pov thawj los ntawm nws muaj rau cov neeg siv khoom. Cov ntoo ua haujlwm tau ntev thiab ruaj khov. Thaum siv kom raug, cov khoom siv no tsis zoo li cib thiab pob zeb ua kom ruaj khov. Cov xim zoo nkauj ntawm txhua yam uas tau ua los ntawm ntoo kuj tseem ceeb heev.

Tab sis tsob ntoo muaj ntau tshaj qhov zoo xwb. Ntawm qhov tsis zoo yog:

• nplaim taws siab;
• raug rau cov av noo thiab pwm (tshem tau, tab sis cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv lub cev tau ploj thaum ua);
• qhov nyiam nqus dej noo ntau ntau;
• muaj kev pheej hmoo siab ntawm kev nqaim, warpage thiab lwm yam zoo sib xws uas ua rau deformation ntawm cov tsev tsim;
• qhov nyuaj ntawm kev xaiv cov tsiaj tsim nyog thiab qeb ntawm cov ntoo.

Saib

Lub npe ntawm cov ntoo hauv tus faib thiab lwm cov ntaub ntawv nyob ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm lawv siv ntxiv:

• lub cev tom qab tshem tawm cov hauv paus hniav thiab cov ceg feem ntau hu ua ntoo nplawm;
• txheej txheem ntawm kev faib cov pob tw rau hauv qhov tawg yog hu ua "bucking", thiab cov khoom tawg lawv tus kheej yog hu ua roob;
• nyob ntawm seb ntu twg, cov hav tau muab sib faib ua ib lub hauv paus, ib lub cav thiab tus ncej (lawv qhov ntau thiab tsawg, feem: 80-110, los ntawm 120 thiab ntau dua, 30-70 hli).

Rough ntoo yog tib yam sawn, tev thiab txiav rau hauv daim ntoo. Nws kuj tseem raug hu kom hu lawv cov ntoo puag ncig, puag ncig ntoo lossis ntoo ntoo puag ncig. Cov khoom lag luam zoo li xav tau los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom sib xws, pulp thiab ntawv mills, thiab plywood manufacturers.

Nws kuj tseem siv tau npaj ua raws li kev txhawb nqa rau cov tsev thib ob, cov yees, cov kab hluav taws xob thiab lwm yam.

Cov ntoo uas tau ua tiav tau muab faib ua:

• ntoo;
• cov khoom tawg;
• ntoo veneer;
• qee yam khoom.

Sawn ntoo tau tsim nrog kev faib ua ntu ntev ntawm cov cav. Lawv kuj tau muab faib ua pawg thiab tshwj xeeb. Thawj pawg suav nrog, piv txwv li, ntoo siv rau kev tsim vaj tsev (laj kab, tsev ntiag tug), ntxiv rau tsim cov khoom tsim ua tsev. Pab pawg thib ob suav nrog qee yam uas tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov siab tshaj plaws thiab kev sim hnyav (piv txwv li, khoob rau cov twj paj nruas, ib feem ntawm lub tsheb thauj mus los thiab dav hlau).

Los ntawm hom ntoo khaub lig-seem, ntoo tau muab faib ua cov khoom hauv qab no:

• ntoo;

• pawg thawj coj saib;
• lag luam;
• pw tsaug zog;
• bar.

Qib 1

Qhov teeb meem ntau yam yog cuam tshuam nrog cov yam ntxwv zoo ntawm cov khoom tiav. Tseem ceeb: txawm hais tias ntoo tau cim nrog qee pab pawg sib txawv, tej zaum yuav muaj qhov sib cais cais (txog 10%) hauv cov khoom ntawm ob qho tib si ntau dua thiab tsis zoo . Tsis muaj leej twg tshuaj xyuas lawv "nyob hauv lub tshuab tsom iav" thaum thauj txhua lub cav ntoo lossis lub rooj tsavxwm. Yog li ntawd, kev tswj tus kheej ntawm cov khoom xa tuaj yog qhov tseem ceeb heev.

Ua ntej mus rau qhov kev piav qhia ntxiv ntawm ntau yam, nws yuav tsum tau qhia tias txhua yam khoom tau muab faib ua lag luam thiab pawg ntoo . Lawv tau siv feem rau kev tsim kho thiab ua tiav tom ntej. Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv no tseem ceeb heev rau kev nkag siab tob dua ntawm txhua yam yog dab tsi, lawv cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb yog dab tsi.

Ntoo ntoo yog cov khoom ruaj khov thiab nthuav dav . Tej zaum nws yuav muaj qhov txwv tsawg ntawm cov pob txha thiab lwm yam tsis xws luag.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm pwm thiab lwm yam cim ntawm kev puas tsuaj lom, nrog rau kev suav nrog txawv teb chaws, tsis raug tso cai.

Qib 2

Qhov no suav nrog cov khoom lag luam uas muaj qhov sib txawv me me los ntawm cov qauv ntawm qib 1, uas tsis cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub ntsej muag. Yuav tsis tuaj yeem muaj ib qho tawg tawg sib sib zog nqus, tsis yog ib lub pob txha tawg. Kev haus luam yeeb yog qhov tseeb kuj tau txwv. Tab sis cov pob xoob xoob yog qhov siv tau . Cov khoom siv no feem ntau yog siv rau ntawm daim ntaub thaiv.

Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tuaj yeem ua lub crate zoo.

Qib 3

Qhov no twb pom tias tsis zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, tus nqi qis tseem txiav txim siab qhov xav tau ruaj khov rau nws. Cov khoom siv no feem ntau siv hauv kev ntim khoom lag luam. Tseem ceeb: txawm tias muaj lub koob npe tsis zoo, qhov no suav nrog cov khoom lag luam uas ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov qauv . Tsis txhob tso cov pob zeb loj sib txuas thiab cov kab nrib pleb txuas mus rau qhov tob tag nrho, cuam tshuam rau lub taub qab.

Lwm yam raug tso cai.

Qib 4

Nws yog qhov qis tshaj ntawm cov pawg raug tso cai. Muaj peev xwm ua tau ib qho tsis xws luag thiab sib txawv. Nws tau tso cai suav nrog txawm tias txiav los ntawm cov ntoo zoo dua ntawm no. Lawv ua los ntawm tsob ntoo xws li:

• pallets;
• tuav rau cov cuab yeej tsim kho pabcuam;
• hav zoov ib ntus;
• formwork;
• Secondary poob.

Cov ntaub ntawv (kho kom raug)

Tab sis kev faib tawm los ntawm ntau yam tsis tiav - nws tseem tsim nyog los txiav txim seb qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntoo conifers thiab cov ntoo txiav, nrog rau cov twg yog qhov zoo dua. Softwoods feem ntau muaj cov kab ncaj thiab muaj qhov zoo . Nws yog qhov yooj yim los daws. Txawm li cas los xij, xws li "khoom plig ntawm hav zoov" tuaj yeem sib txawv los ntawm lawv lub zog siab. Txawm tias cov kev txhawb nqa ntawm ib-zaj dab neeg thiab ob-tsev tsev tuaj yeem ua tau zoo los ntawm lawv.

Pine yog nrov heev. Nws muaj qhov nqus dej tsawg tsawg. Larch yog nqus tau ntau dua, tab sis nws nyuaj rau kev sib cuag nrog dej. Pom zoo ntawm cov ntoo ntoo (aspen, linden, birch, poplar) lawv hais tias:

• siab txaus ntom;
• kev zoo nkauj ntawm kev ntxhib los mos;
• lub neej ua haujlwm ntev heev.

Yuav tsum muaj

Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hais txog cov ntoo puag ncig tau teev tseg hauv GOST 9463, uas tau tshwm sim xyoo 2016. Nws nyob ntawd tias cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntau yam muab rau saum toj no tau teeb tsa. Tus txheej txheem txwv tsis pub txwv ib txhij thaum muaj lub plawv rot thiab sapwood hauv cov qauv . Kev sab nrauv sab nraud raug tso cai, tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem ncav cuag qhov kev lwj siab. Cov ntoo puag ncig tau tsim thiab muab rau yam tsis muaj ntoo, nrog tus qauv tso cai rau tev tawm ntawm cov tawv ntoo.

Txiav bevel yuav tsum tsis pub ntau tshaj qhov nyiaj pub ntev. Ntoo rau kev ua tom ntej rau hauv cov ntoo yuav tsum tsis muaj qhov tsom iav . Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov pob caus uas muaj qhov siab ntau dua 20 mm saum toj ntawm qhov chaw raug txwv. Kev thauj cov ntoo rau cov khoom lag luam yog tsis sib xws nrog cov rot thiab cov pob zeb luam yeeb. Ntoo yuav tsum tsis txhob hlawv.

Hauv qhov xwm txheej tom kawg, qhov yuav tsum tau siv rau ib cheeb tsam ntawm daim ntawv thov ntoo.

Qhov ntev (kho kom raug)

Qhov ntev thiab txoj kab uas hla yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab nruj me ntsis raws li tus qauv. Yog li, cov khoom siv dav dav los ntawm cov ntoo thuv thiab ntoo tshauv tuaj yeem ncav cuag 6.5 metres ntev nrog cov tuab mus txog 14 cm. Cov ntoo ntev dua yog ntawm qhov hu ua Dub Hiav Txwv xa tawm cov khoom cais-lawv tuaj yeem ncav cuag 8 m hauv qhov ntev. Cov khoom lag luam sab qaum teb tuaj yeem ncav cuag 7 m.

Kev kis rau lwm hom ntoo yog raws li hauv qab no:

• resonant, nkoj thiab xaum - los ntawm 3 txog 6.5 m;
• rau riveting chim - ntawm 1 txog 2, 7 m;
• rau cov neeg taug kev dav - 2, 75 thiab 5, 5 m;
• rau cov neeg tsaug zog nqaim - 1,3; kaum tsib; 1,8m thiab ntau ntxiv.

Kev siv tshuab ntau lawm

Ntawm cov kab tsim khoom niaj hnub no, tus nqi ntawm cov ntoo thiab cov txheej txheem tsim nyog tau txiav txim siab ntawm qhov nkag nrog kev pab ntawm cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb tswj hwm thiab khoos phis tawj. Thawj lub cuab yeej uas tau siv ua ntej hauv ib qho kev lag luam niaj hnub no yog debarker. Cov txheej txheem zoo sib xws tuaj yeem tiv nrog cov khoom ntawm kev ntog tshiab, thiab txawm tias khov ntoo (cov av noo tsis yog tus qauv). Pom cov ntas yog siv rau sawing. Cov kws paub txog kev paub txuj ci xaiv qhov kev xaiv tshwj xeeb rau kev pom tseeb, suav nrog qhov muaj feem thib:

• rustic - hauv pem teb;
• tangential - rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag;
• radial - txhawm rau ntxiv dag zog thiab zoo nkauj zoo nkauj.

Cia

Ntoo feem ntau khaws cia rau hauv ib qho chaw qhib. Rau qhov no, nws raug nquahu kom muab awnings uas tiv thaiv los ntawm lub hnub thiab nag lossis daus. Kev tiv thaiv los ntawm nag lossis daus yog thawj txoj haujlwm ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom lag luam, tab sis tseem feem ntau txwv tsuas yog npog nrog cov yas qhwv . Tsim cov pawg nruj kom muaj peev xwm tshaj plaws yam tsis siv spacers. Qee lub sij hawm siv pob khoom siv, tab sis ua haujlwm nrog lawv xav tau kev siv cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb.

Cov ntaub ntawv ntoo tau muab tso rau kom qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ntev ntawm tus kheej cov cav tsis ntau tshaj 1 m . Rau cov ntoo tawv, qhov yuav tsum tau nruj dua: siab tshaj 0.5 m. Cov khoom sib dhos yuav tsum tau muab tso tam sim tom qab tau txais cov ntoo. Cov ntoo uas tiv taus huab cua tuaj yeem khaws cia hauv qhov chaw txiav ntoo ntev txog 120 hnub. Txog qhov tsis ruaj khov, txwv 60 hnub tau teeb tsa.