Polyurethane (34 Duab): Cov Khoom Siv No Yog Dab Tsi? Thermoplastic Thiab Yoog Raws Polyurethane, Yam Ntxwv Thiab Ntom Ntom, Cov Ntsiab Lus Melting Thiab Lwm Yam Khoom, Tsim Khoom

2024 Tus sau: Beatrice Philips | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-18 12:13

Polyurethane tau hnov thawj zaug ntawm xyoo 1937. Cov khoom siv no tau tsim los ntawm Otto Bayer los ntawm diisocyanate thiab polyester hauv cov kua. Cov khoom muaj ntau qhov zoo ntawm cov yas, uas nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd yog qhov xav tau.

Cov khoom siv no yog dab tsi?

Polyurethane yog yam khoom tshwj xeeb uas yuav luag tsis muaj peev xwm ua tau thiab kev cia siab rau kev siv. Cov polymer muaj 2 hom raw khoom, uas yog: polyols thiab isocyanates . Kev tsim khoom tom kawg yog ua raws cov roj ua kom huv. Los ntawm kev sib xyaw cov kua, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau txais. Cov khoom ntawm polyurethane ncaj qha nyob ntawm cov khoom xyaw uas nws tau ua, nrog rau qhov piv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, cov tshuaj tua kab mob, cov tshuaj ua kom ruaj khov thiab ntau ntxiv.

Polyurethane zoo li polymer fiber ntau nrog cov qauv ntxeem tau. Nws suav tias yog elastomer ntau yam, tab sis nws muaj ob qho zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo.

Qhov zoo ntawm polyurethane suav nrog cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:

• siab txhua yam zog;
• dielectric tsis tu ncua;
• tsis zoo puas;
• zoo elasticity;
• lub peev xwm los tswj cov duab tom qab deformations ntau dua;
• hnav tsis kam;
• kev pab lub neej ntev;
• tsis kam mus rau cov kua qaub, roj, cov kuab tshuaj;
• tsis cuam tshuam rau kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov kab mob me me;
• loj ua haujlwm kub ntau;
• tiv taus kub tsawg;
• muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm hauv siab.

Cov khoom siv no tsis muaj hnub nyoog, nws qiv nws tus kheej rau ntau hom kev ua haujlwm. Ib qho ntxiv, cov khoom siv polyurethane yog qhov hnyav thiab yog li yooj yim thauj thiab teeb tsa. Cov elastomer no muaj peev xwm ua npuas dej, yog li txhua yam khoom ntxeem tau los ntawm nws.

Txawm tias muaj ntau qhov zoo, polyurethane muaj qee qhov tsis zoo:

• tsis ruaj tsis khov rau lub nra hnyav;
• kev ywj pheej thiab lub zog ntawm cov khoom ncaj qha nyob ntawm qhov ntsuas kub ntawm ib puag ncig;
• qhov nyuaj ntawm kev ua cov khoom nyoos thib ob.

Hom elastomer no hais txog cov ntaub ntawv uas yooj yim haum rau txhua yam kev ua. Ntau txoj hauv kev ntawm kev hloov pauv tau siv rau nws.

• Extrusion . Txoj hauv kev tsim cov polyurethane no suav nrog yuam cov khoom siv hauv cov ntawv molten los ntawm kev tsim qhov ntawm cov extruder.
• Casting . Nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev siab, qhov hnyav tau txhaj rau hauv cov pwm tshwj xeeb, tom qab uas nws txias.

Sib piv nrog roj hmab

Dua li ntawm qhov tseeb tias roj hmab thiab polyurethane zoo ib yam, cov khoom siv hluavtaws elastomer hla cov khoom ntuj hauv cov yam ntxwv zoo. Tsis zoo li roj hmab, polymer fibers muaj zog dua thiab hnav tsis kam . Vim li no, roj hmab siv tsawg dua polyurethane hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam. Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom yog nws hnav tsis haum, ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm ib puag ncig txhoj puab heev. Thaum sib piv raws li tus txheej txheem no, nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias polyurethane yog 10 zaug ntau dua tiv thaiv kom puas.

Raws li kev txheeb xyuas kev tiv thaiv rau ib puag ncig sib txawv, cov polymer tseem suav tias yog qhov zoo dua li roj hmab . Nws tuaj yeem zam qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov kuab tshuaj thiab tshuaj lom. Ntawm lwm yam, roj hmab ntuj muaj lub zog tensile 1.5-3 zaug qis dua li ntawm elastomer. Cov khoom siv hluavtaws tuaj yeem rov zoo nws cov duab yam tsis muaj kev hloov pauv thaum muaj qhov hnyav. Roj hmab, nyeg, yog qhov zoo tshaj rau elastomer nkaus xwb hauv tus nqi, uas yog qis dua li cov khoom siv hluavtaws.

Txawm li cas los xij, raws li cov kws tshaj lij, txhawm rau zam kev xav tau them ob zaug yav tom ntej, nws yog qhov zoo dua los yuav cov khoom lag luam zoo thiab kim.

Yam ntxwv thiab khoom

Txij li polyurethane raws li polyol thiab isocyanate, nws yog koom nrog pab pawg ntawm polyester polyols. Vim qhov tseeb tias hom no yog elastomer, nws yog tus yam ntxwv zoo los ntawm kev nthuav dav thiab muaj peev xwm rov qab mus rau nws daim ntawv qub. Ntau yam tshuaj ntxiv tuaj yeem muab cov khoom tshwj xeeb rau polyol, uas tuaj yeem hloov pauv qhov ntsuas ntawm kev ywj pheej, muag muag, tawv, tiv taus.

Polyurethane tau tsim tawm hauv ntau lub xeev:

• nyob rau hauv cov dej khov;
• hauv muag;
• hauv khoom.

Txawm hais tias zoo li cas, elastomer tsis hloov nws cov yam ntxwv hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv thiab tshuaj ib puag ncig ib puag ncig. Cov khoom no tseem tiv taus UV tawg, kab mob thiab pwm.

Cov txheej txheem txheej txheem ntawm polyurethane tso cai rau nws siv hauv ntau tsev neeg thiab thaj chaw ua haujlwm. Cia peb teev cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm polyester polyol.

• Ceev Qhov ntsuas yog nyob ntawm hom khoom, feem ntau nws txawv ntawm 30 txog 300 kg / m3.
• Hardness . Ntawm tus ntug dej hiav txwv, nws tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm 50 txog 98 units. Cov ntsuas no tso cai rau siv elastomer ntawm cov khoom hnyav.
• Qhov ntsuas kub tseem ceeb . Cov khoom tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kub ntawm -60 txog +80 degrees Celsius. Nrog qhov ntsuas ntawm 120-140 degrees, nws tuaj yeem siv rau lub sijhawm luv. Polyurethanes muaj qhov kub yaj siab - tsawg kawg 160 degrees Celsius. Yog tias cov ntaub ntawv no tau kub txog 220 degrees, tom qab ntawd lawv yuav pib tawg.
• Cov thermal conductivity coefficient - 0, 028 W / (m * K) .
• Cov polyol no tsis muaj hluav taws xob ua hluav taws xob .
• Qhov hnyav . Cov khoom hnyav me ntsis.
• Ozone tsis kam . Polyurethane tsis txo qis hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm ozone, tsis zoo li roj hmab.
• Tsis kam mus rau ib puag ncig txhoj puab heev .
• Flammability . Raws li GOST 12.1.044, cov khoom siv tau muab cais ua cov uas tsis tuaj yeem sib txuas tau, yog li nws tau siv hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam.
• Ib puag ncig phooj ywg . Polyurethane tau muab cais ua cov khoom siv nyab xeeb, yog li nws feem ntau siv hauv lub neej txhua hnub.

Puas yog polyurethane puas tsuaj?

Vim nws cov yam ntxwv txuag hluav taws xob, polyurethane tau muab cais ua cov khoom siv nyab xeeb. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum ntsuas nws qhov kev phooj ywg ib puag ncig, nws yog qhov tsim nyog coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov muaj peev xwm ua phem rau cov elastomer no hauv cov kua thiab lub xeev ruaj khov. Raws li kev coj ua tau qhia, hauv daim ntawv qhuav, cov polyol no tsis tso tawm cov tshuaj phem . Cov pa phem txaus ntshai tsuas yog ua tau yog tias cov khoom siv tsis raug.

Yog tias txhua qhov ntsuas kev nyab xeeb tau pom hauv cov kua ua kua, polyurethane yuav tsis ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu.

Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua txhaum cov tshuab tsim khoom tuaj yeem ua rau tso tawm cov pa lom hauv qab no

• Isocyanates … Cov tshuaj no yog ib feem ntawm cov xim thiab kua roj vanish, cov khoom ua npuas. Lawv lub xub ntiag tuaj yeem ua rau mob hawb pob thaum tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb.
• Amine catalysts, uas ua rau nce rhiab heev, chim siab, qhov muag tsis pom kev . Thaum nqus tau tsis tu ncua, cov tshuaj no ua rau mob plab, ua rau khaus ntawm daim tawv nqaij, kub hnyiab rau lub qhov ncauj, caj pas thiab txoj hlab pas.
• Polyol . Nws muaj peev xwm tshwm sim nws cov tshuaj lom tsuas yog nyob hauv kev sib cuag ncaj qha nrog cov kab mob muaj sia, uas yog thaum nqos. Polyol lom tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv daim ntawv ntuav, qaug cawv thiab hnoos qeev.
• Hluav taws kub retardant . Cov tshuaj no maj sau hauv lub cev, tom qab ntawd nws ua rau lom.

Raws li cov lus saum toj no, peb tuaj yeem xaus tias polyurethane tsuas tuaj yeem tsim kev puas tsuaj rau kev noj qab haus huv yog tias nws siv tsis raug . Qhov no feem ntau tshwm sim thaum siv cov tshuaj tsis zoo, nrog rau thaum tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb thaum ua haujlwm.

Coob leej txhawj xeeb txog kev phom sij ntawm polyurethane, uas tau teeb tsa hauv thaj chaw nyob. Kev ntshai ntawm cov neeg siv yog qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, txij li pawg khoom no tau hla ntau qhov kev ntsuas kev nyab xeeb ua ntej mus muag. Teeb meem tsuas tuaj yeem tshwm sim yog tias elastomer tau yuav los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom uas tsis muaj daim ntawv pov thawj zoo.

Sib piv nrog lwm cov ntaub ntawv

Paub txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm polyurethane, peb tuaj yeem hais tias nws muaj ntau qhov zoo dua li roj hmab. Raws li tau hais dhau los, cov polymer no hla nws hauv kev ua haujlwm ntev, txuas ntxiv mus, lub zog thiab ntau lwm yam ntxwv. Cov neeg siv khoom feem ntau pom nws nyuaj rau xaiv ntawm polyurethane thiab lwm yam khoom lag luam zoo sib xws, muab piv rau lawv.

• Duropolymer . Muaj cov tsos ntawm cov khoom yas yas. Nyob rau hauv lem, polyurethane yog zoo li cov hmoov ua npuas ncauj thiab yog coated nrog primer. Qhov tom kawg yog qhov hnyav thiab zoo rau kev ua haujlwm nrog qab nthab. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws cov khoom siv yog dav heev. Duropolymer belongs rau anti-vandal polymers, yog li tus neeg yuav khoom tsis tas yuav xav txog nws txoj kev rov ua haujlwm ntev.
• Vinyl . Cov khoom siv no, tsis zoo li polyurethane, tsis yog lub hom phiaj tiv thaiv saum npoo, nws feem ntau siv rau lub hom phiaj zoo nkauj.
• Silicone . Cov ntaub ntawv no tau tsim los siv rau ntau hom haujlwm. Raws li cov neeg siv khoom, elastomer yog tus yam ntxwv zoo dua qub thiab muaj zog. Nyob rau hauv lem, silicone yog qhov txawv los ntawm qhov tseeb tias nws yog elastic thiab bio-inert.
• Expanded polystyrene . Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv dag feem ntau hauv tus nqi, uas yog siab dua rau polyurethane. Cov polystyrene nthuav dav tsis ua cua sov zoo, nws yooj yim thiab siv tau yooj yim. Polyurethane kav ntev dua li cov khoom siv yav dhau los, tsis ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo ib puag ncig.
• Polyester . Nrog nws, polyurethane muaj ntau yam zoo ib yam. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv qee txoj kev cov khoom siv thib ob yog qhov zoo tshaj rau thawj qhov zoo. Polyurethane yog ntau dua ywj, muaj zog thiab ruaj dua li polyester.

Hom kev txheeb xyuas

Polyurethane yog pob tshab siv hluav taws xob muaj txiaj ntsig thoob ntiaj teb cov khoom uas tau txais koob meej thoob ntiaj teb txhua hnub. Cov khoom siv no muaj nws tus cim tshwj xeeb. Cov npe nrov tshaj plaws ntawm elastomer suav nrog SKU-PFL-100, NITs PU-5, lawv yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm Shore hardness ntawm 85-90 units.

Saj zawg zog polyurethane ua npuas ncauj

Nws yog ib txwm coj los siv hloov pauv polyurethane ua npuas roj hmab ua lub poob siab . Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau siv los tsim txaj, hauv ob sab phlu, ntim khoom, thiab tsheb sab hauv.

Ua npuas ncauj ua tau yooj yim tuaj yeem tsim hauv txhua daim ntawv. Hom polyurethane no yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub teeb, lub zog, thiab kev nplij siab.

Thermoplastic

Thermoplastic polyurethane yog cov khoom siv ywj pheej, hloov tau cov khoom tiv taus puas thiab huab cua tsis zoo. Nws tau tsim thiab xim los ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev. Thermoplastic elastomer kev ua tiav yog ua los ntawm kev sib tsoo, sib zog, cuam tshuam cov tshuab . Cov khoom lag luam hloov pauv no tuaj yeem hloov kho rau ntau yam kev thov xws li kev tsim kho, tsheb, khau.

Cov ntawv thov

Polyester polyol tau siv dav niaj hnub no. Cov khoom hauv ob sab, nias qhov, cov menyuam, lub log, cov menyuam txheej, cov nplhaib sib khi, lub tes tsho, cov ntsaws yog tsim los ntawm cov ntawv polyurethane . Hauv daim ntawv ua kua, nws tau pom nws daim ntawv thov hauv txheej txheej ntawm cov pob zeb ua vaj tsev, tsheb laij teb, lub qhov rooj, thiab lub ru tsev. Feem ntau, elastomer yog ib feem ntawm cov nplaum, kua nplaum, pleev xim thiab cov khoom ua kua roj vanish.

Hauv kev lag luam hnyav, cov khoom poob siab yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv no . Hauv kev tsim kho, nws tau siv los tsim txheej txheej tiv thaiv plam, qhov chaw tiv taus kev co, lub ntsej muag. Kev lag luam tsheb thiab rooj tog yog qhov tseem ceeb yam tsis muaj elastomer. Kev thov rau polyurethane tau pom hauv kev lag luam textile. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau npog, zippers, rivets, insoles, ib leeg. Tshuaj siv elastomer rau kev tsim cov hnab looj tes, cov yas, thiab cog cog.

Ua

Tam sim no, qhov teeb meem ntawm kev rov ua dua polyurethane tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb. Qhov teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog kev nce hauv thaj tsam ntawm qhov chaw pov tseg, nrog rau kev nce nqi ntawm lawv qhov kev tshem tawm. Nyob rau xyoo tsis ntev los no, kev txhim kho cov thev naus laus zis tshiab tshaj plaws rau kev ua cov elastomers tau pom thiab ntau thiab ntau dua tau saib xyuas yog them rau qhov teeb meem no.

Nov yog cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb kom tau txais cov khoom siv los ntawm polyurethane

• Lub cev . Hauv qhov no, cov yas tau tawg mus rau qhov zoo, uas tom qab siv los ua cov muab tshuaj hauv kev tsim kho.
• Remelting . Qhov tshwm sim ntawm txoj kev no yog kev tsim cov khoom siv raw, uas tau siv tom qab kom tau txais cov khoom lag luam polyurethane.
• Kub siab glycolysis . Siv txoj hauv kev no, carbohydrates tau tawg.
• Tshuaj . Kev ua haujlwm yog ua raws depolymerization, tom qab uas cov tshuaj nrog lub cev hnyav hnyav tau tsim los ntawm elastomer.
• Hlawv . Txoj hauv kev kom tau txais lub zog no suav tias yog qhov txaus ntshai tshaj plaws ntawm txhua qhov saum toj no, vim nws tso cov tshuaj phem rau hauv huab cua.

Ua tsaug rau kev qhia dav dav ntawm kev rov ua dua tshiab, qhov teeb meem tam sim no ntawm kev siv polyurethane tuaj yeem daws tau. Cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv no muaj ntau yam, lawv xyaum tsis muaj ciam teb. Elastomer ua haujlwm zoo kawg nkaus tsis yog hauv ib puag ncig ib puag ncig xwb, tab sis kuj tseem nyob rau qhov xwm txheej hnyav.

Txawm hais tias qhov no yog cov khoom siv hluavtaws, nws muaj kev nyab xeeb rau tib neeg, yog li ntawd nws tau siv hauv tshuaj, kev tsim kho, kev lag luam textile thiab khau. Txawm hais tias tus nqi siab piv rau lwm cov ntaub ntawv, polyurethane them tawm nrog nws qhov kev ntseeg tau thiab ua haujlwm ntev.