2024 Tus sau: Beatrice Philips | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-09 13:24
Cov txheej txheem dai kom zoo nkauj uas tuaj yeem coj tus yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb rau sab hauv lossis sab nrauv yog siv mosaics. Qhov kev kos duab nyuaj, ua haujlwm hnyav, uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau Ancient Sab Hnub Tuaj, tau ntsib lub sijhawm muaj kev vam meej thiab tsis nco qab, thiab niaj hnub no nws nyob qhov chaw tsim nyog ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kho chav thiab khoom siv. Mosaic yog hom teeb tsa ntawm cov pob zeb, cov khoom siv sib xyaw, npliag, iav xim. Ib qho ntawm ntau cov txheej txheem rau ua mosaics hu ua Florentine.
Keeb kwm ntawm kev siv tshuab
Nws tau tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Ltalis nyob rau xyoo pua 16th thiab tshuav nws txoj kev txhim kho rau tsev neeg Medici nto moo, uas cov neeg sawv cev ib txwm txhawb nqa cov kws ua yeeb yam thiab tus tswv ntawm kev siv txuj ci. Duke Ferdinand I ntawm Medici nrhiav tau thawj qhov kev cob qhia tshaj lij, caw cov pob zeb zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm thoob plaws Ltalis thiab lwm lub tebchaws. Kev rho tawm cov ntaub ntawv raw tsis txwv tsuas yog cov peev txheej hauv cheeb tsam, vim tias kev yuav khoom tau ua hauv Spain, Is Nrias teb, cov tebchaws ntawm Africa thiab Middle East. Ib qho loj sau los ntawm cov pob zeb ib nrab uas muaj nqi tau sau rau hauv kev cob qhia, cov peev txheej uas tseem siv niaj hnub no.
Kev tsim cov mosaics tau coj cov txiaj ntsig loj thiab tau txiav txim siab tias yog kev tsim khoom tseem ceeb rau Ltalis hauv cov xyoo ntawd . Rau peb ib puas xyoo, cov mosaics tau nrov thoob plaws hauv Europe: lub tsev ntawm cov thawj coj thiab cov neeg muaj peev xwm yeej siv cov nplua nuj Florentine "pob zeb pleev xim" hauv lawv qhov kev kho kom zoo nkauj. Tsuas yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, hom kev kho kom zoo nkauj no maj mam dhau mus ua zam.
Kev tsim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov style hauv Russia
Qhov nyuaj ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis, lub sijhawm tsim khoom (cov kws ua haujlwm tau ua haujlwm ntawm tus kheej ua haujlwm tau ntau xyoo) thiab kev siv cov pob zeb semiprecious ua rau cov duab no zoo nkauj, muaj kev ncaj ncees. Tsis yog txhua lub tsev hais plaub muaj peev xwm tuaj yeem them taus qhov kev ua haujlwm no.
Cov kws tshaj lij Lavxias paub thiab tsim cov txheej txheem no thaum lub caij huab tais Elizabeth Petrovna kav , thiab ntau ntawm lawv cov kev sib tw tsim nyog nrog Italian tsim. Kev txhim kho cov qauv no hauv Russia cuam tshuam nrog lub npe ntawm tus tswv ntawm Peterhof Lapidary Factory Ivan Sokolov, uas tau kawm hauv Florence. Nws txawj siv Siberian jasper, agate, quartz. Kev nco txog nws cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig tau khaws cia, qhov uas paj ntab tawm ntawm pob zeb zoo li muaj sia thiab muaj ntxhiab.
Lub hauv paus loj rau kev ua haujlwm nrog Florentine mosaics yog Peterhof thiab Yekaterinburg cov chaw tsim khoom thiab Kolyvan pob zeb txiav ntoo hauv Altai. Cov neeg txiav pob zeb ntawm Lavxias tau pib siv dav tshaj plaws zoo nkauj Ural lub pov haum, malachite, uas muaj tus qauv qhia tawm, thiab siab tawv Altai cov zaub mov, kev ua tiav ntawm qhov uas tuaj yeem ua tau nrog pob zeb diamond cuab yeej.
Yav tom ntej, nws yog cov kws ua yeeb yam ntawm Kolyvan cog rau chaw nres tsheb hauv Barnaul uas tsim ib lub vaj huam sib luag loj tshaj plaws (46 sq. M.), Ua hauv cov txheej txheem no.
Ntau cov duab mosaic zoo nkauj "pleev xim" adorn phab ntsa ntawm Moscow Metro thiab ua rau nws muaj kev txaus siab ntawm lub peev.
Peculiarities
Txoj kev Florentine ntawm kev tso mosaic yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus, thaum tsis muaj nqaws thiab kab sib koom ua ke pom ntawm cov pob zeb ntawm cov duab sib txawv. Ua tib zoo xuab zeb tsim lub tiaj tiaj, zoo ib yam.
Ua los ntawm cov pob zeb ntuj, cov mosaic no ua tau zoo kawg , cov xim qaim tsis ploj mus raws lub sijhawm thiab tsis ploj los ntawm tshav ntuj. Kev hloov xim du tso cai rau koj ua tiav qhov zoo sib xws nrog cov xim tiag tiag, thiab tsis yog nrog pleev xim. Heev feem ntau, Italis tus tswv siv dub marble rau keeb kwm yav dhau, hauv qhov sib piv uas lwm lub pob zeb tau ci txawm tias ci dua.
Ntuj nplua nuj xim ntawm pob zeb: kev hloov pauv ntawm nws lub suab nrov, kab txaij, me ntsis, cwj nrag yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem no. Cov ntaub ntawv nyiam tshaj plaws rau kev tsim cov Florentine mosaic yog cov pob zeb zoo nkauj: marble, jasper, amethyst, carnelian, chalcedony, lapis lazuli, onyx, quartz, turquoise. Cov kws ua haujlwm Italis tau tsim cov thev naus laus zis tshwj xeeb rau lawv kev ua haujlwm, piv txwv li, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov kub tau tso cai rau pob zeb kom tau txais cov xim uas xav tau. Cov pob zeb kub ntawm cov pob zeb tau dhau los ua cov xim paj yeeb dawb, thiab chalcedony txhim kho ci ntsa iab thiab ci ntsa iab ntawm cov xim.
Txhua lub pob zeb tau xaiv los ntawm tus tswv tsis tsuas yog xim, tab sis kuj yog kev ntxhib los mos: rau mosaic nrog cov nplooj ntoo ntsuab, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los nrhiav pob zeb nrog cov leeg ntsuab zoo sib xws, rau cov duab plaub - cov ntxhia nrog cov qauv ua qauv villi.
Florentine mosaics tau nquag siv hauv kev kho kom zoo nkauj hauv tsev teev ntuj rau kev ua tiav cov plag tsev, niches, portals, ntxiv rau kho kom zoo nkauj cov khoom sab hauv sab hauv: cov ntsiav tshuaj, cov rooj tog zaum, ntau lub thawv, cov khoom me me. Cov vaj huam sib luag loj, zoo ib yam li cov duab tha xim, dai rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm xeev cov tsev, chaw ua haujlwm thiab chav nyob.
Kev tsim khoom
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua Florentine mosaic tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb theem:
- kev ua haujlwm yuav khoom - xaiv cov khoom siv raw zoo, kos cim pob zeb thiab txiav;
- txheej txheej mosaic - muaj ob txoj hauv kev: mus rau tom ntej thiab thim rov qab;
- xov - tiav thiab polishing ntawm cov khoom.
Thaum xaiv pob zeb, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum paub thiab coj mus rau hauv tus account nws cov khoom ., txij li kev taw qhia ntawm kev txiav yog nyob ntawm nws. Txhua cov ntxhia muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus kheej qhov muag, shimmers hauv txoj hauv kev tshwj xeeb hauv lub teeb thiab muaj nws tus qauv. Lub pob zeb yuav tsum tau moistened nrog dej, tom qab ntawd nws yuav ci, zoo li tom qab polishing, thiab koj tuaj yeem nkag siab tias cov khoom tiav yuav zoo li cas.
Cov pob zeb xaiv tau cim thiab txiav rau ntawm lub tshuab tshwj xeeb. Thaum lub sijhawm txheej txheem no, cov dej txias tau nchuav ntau kom txias qhov pom thiab kev nyab xeeb tau ua tib zoo saib. Cov ntsiab lus tau txiav nrog cov npoo rau kev ua haujlwm.
Hauv peb lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis, kev siv lub tshuab txiav laser tau siv ntau dua, hloov daim duab los ntawm lub khoos phis tawj yam tsis muaj qhov yuam kev thiab nrog cov paj tau tsim nyog.
Cov kws ua paj ntaub Florentine txiav tawm cov khoom tsim nyog los ntawm nyias, 2-3 hli tuab daim hlau uas siv cov saw tshwj xeeb - ib hom hneev taw los ntawm cov ceg ntoo khov kho khov kho ceg ntoo nrog cov xov uas nthuav tawm. Qee tus kws tshaj lij txuas ntxiv siv cov cuab yeej muaj tseeb niaj hnub no.
Kev ua tiav ntawm ib feem ntawm tus kheej raws txoj kev nkhaus tau ua tiav ntawm lub tshuab sib tsoo siv lub log carborundum lossis lub ntsej muag pob zeb diamond, ua tiav qhov kawg nrog cov ntaub ntawv pob zeb diamond.
Thaum sib sau cov ntsiab lus mus rau hauv daim duab tag nrho hauv txoj kev rov qab, cov khoom tawg ntawm mosaic tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej raws cov stencils thiab kho los ntawm sab hauv nrog cov nplaum sib xyaw rau lub hauv paus (piv txwv li, los ntawm fiberglass lossis ntawv ntawv). Cov thev naus laus zis no yooj yim rau kev tsim cov phiaj xwm loj: cov khoom loj tau sib sau ua ke los ntawm cov ntsiab lus me me tom qab ntawd sib sau ua ke ntawm qhov chaw. Txoj kev no tseem tso cai rau pem hauv ntej ntawm cov mosaic kom tau xuab zeb hauv qhov chaw ua haujlwm.
Cov txheej txheem kev sau ncaj qha yog tso cov tawg ntawm cov duab kos tam sim ntawd mus tas li . Cov kws tshaj lij qub tau nteg daim ntawv txiav daim hlau rau ntawm cov txheej txheej txhawb nqa ntawm qhov chaw. Niaj hnub no, kev hu ncaj qha, zoo li rov qab hu xov tooj, feem ntau ua tiav hauv kev cob qhia ntawm lub hauv paus fiberglass thiab tom qab ntawd hloov mus rau ib qho khoom.
Cov khoom sib dhos tau ua tiav siv kev ua tiav thiab polishing pastes. Rau ntau hom pob zeb, sib txawv polishing compositions tau siv, nyob ntawm seb lub cev thiab cov yam ntxwv zoo ntawm cov ntxhia.
Qhov ua tiav muab lub pob zeb ci zoo nkauj, nthuav tawm tag nrho nws cov dej ntws thiab ntxoov.
Kev siv Florentine mosaics niaj hnub no
Lub siab zoo nkauj ntawm Florentine mosaics tau ntev tau zoo siab los ntawm cov kws kes duab vajtse. Thaum lub sijhawm Soviet, kev siv ntau hom mosaic rau cov chaw pej xeem vam meej. Feem ntau ntawm cov vaj huam sib luag tau ua los ntawm smalt, tab sis txoj kev Florentine kuj tseem tsis hnov qab thiab tau nquag siv. Thiab txij li cov txheej txheem no yog qhov ruaj khov tshaj plaws, txij li xyoo tsis muaj hwj chim dua cov duab zeb, lawv tseem zoo li tshiab.
Hauv kev niaj hnub sab hauv, xaiv kom raug Florentine mosaic yuav tsis zoo li cov neeg txawv tebchaws thiab cov khoom qub . Cov qauv zoo nkauj zoo nkauj rau phab ntsa thiab hauv pem teb hauv chav, chav dej, chav ua noj tuaj yeem nkag mus rau ob qho tib si qub thiab niaj hnub zoo nkauj, lawv yuav rov ua kom nruj nruj thev naus laus zis lossis loft. Mosaic canvases tseem yuav saib zoo hauv kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub pas dej lossis terrace hauv lub tebchaws.
Cov ntawv me me ntawm cov mosaic no kuj zoo li nthuav: kho kom zoo nkauj caskets, tsom iav, khoom plig sau teev rau kev kawm, thiab ntxiv rau.
Cov txheej txheem no tseem siv dav hauv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub: brooches loj, qhwv ntsej, ntiv nplhaib, pendants nrog cov qauv txheej txheem pob zeb nqa qhov tshwj xeeb thov ntawm cov khoom ntuj.
Txawm hais tias muaj kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis, Florentine mosaic txoj kev tseem ua haujlwm hnyav thiab tsim los ntawm tib neeg, yog li cov haujlwm no kim heev, thiab tus nqi ntawm qhov piv txwv zoo tshaj yog piv rau tus nqi ntawm cov txuj ci ntawm cov xim tha xim.
Pom zoo:
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