Palekh Thawv (22 Duab): Keeb Kwm Ntawm Palekh Pleev Xim Rau Lub Thawv. Nta Thiab Piav Qhia Ntawm Daim Duab

2024 Tus sau: Beatrice Philips | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-09 13:23

Nws yog kev coj ua hu rau lub thawv lossis lub thawv rau lub thawv me me lossis lub thawv, uas feem ntau muaj cov duab ntawm cov duab plaub sib npaug. Nws yog qhov yooj yim los khaws cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, nyiaj, ntawv thiab lwm yam khoom muaj nqis me me hauv lawv. Nws ntseeg tias cov thawv tau tshwm sim ntev heev dhau los thiab pib los ntawm lub hauv siab uas cov khaub ncaws tau khaws cia. Hauv tsarist Russia nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, xws li cov khoom siv pej xeem zoo li lacquer me me tau nrov tshwj xeeb.

Caskets ua nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem no los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm txawj ntse los ntawm Ivanovo lub zos Palekh yog qhov piv txwv zoo ntawm kev txawj thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg Lavxias.

Keeb kwm siv

Cov keeb kwm ntawm Palekh tej yam me me uas yog kev kos duab pej xeem tau cuam tshuam nrog kev kos duab. Nyob rau xyoo pua 18th, cov tswv uas txawj pleev xim cov duab nyob hauv lub zos Palekh, uas nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd yog ntawm Vyaznikovsky koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm xeev Vladimir . Ua ke nrog cov duab pleev xim, cov kws txuj ci hauv zos tau koom nrog hauv kev tha xim thiab kho dua ntawm Faceted Chamber ntawm Kremlin thiab cov tsev teev ntuj nyob hauv Trinity-Sergius Lavra thiab nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Novodevichy Convent.

Tom qab kev tawm tsam xyoo 1917, nws tsis muaj peev xwm txuas ntxiv mus rau hauv kev pleev xim duab, yog li ib xyoos tom qab Palekh kos duab kos duab zoo nkauj tau tsim. Cov kws kos duab uas nkag mus rau nws pib pleev xim rau ntoo. Ivan Golikov thiab Alexander Glazunov tau suav tias yog tus tsim ntawm Palekh tej yam me me . Cov kws tshaj lij tau ua tiav cov khoom siv tshiab - papier -mâché, uas yog raws li qhov hnyav tau los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawv thiab duab los qhia nrog cov ntawv gypsum, hmoov txhuv nplej siab thiab lwm yam tshuaj. Xyoo 1923, Palekh tej yam me me raug xa mus rau All-Russian Agricultural and Handicraft Exhibition, qhov uas lawv tau txais daim ntawv kawm tiav qib II.

Thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1924, xya tus tswv los ntawm Palekh nrhiav tau Artel ntawm Kev tha xim thaum ub . Cov haujlwm ntawm lub koom haum no hauv xyoo 1925 tau xa mus rau Lub Ntiaj Teb Exhibition hauv Paris. Xyoo 1932 tau koom ua ke ntawm Palekh Artists, thiab xyoo 1935 lub tsev teev ntuj tau hloov pauv mus rau hauv Association of Palekh Artists. Xyoo 1954, Palekh kev tsim duab kos duab ua haujlwm ntawm Art Fund ntawm USSR tau tsim. Tam sim no, koj tuaj yeem kawm paub kos duab ntawm qhov me me no hauv 4 xyoos ntawm Palekh Art School lub npe tom qab AM Gorky.

Kev tsim khoom siv tshuab

Raws li tau hais ua ntej, cov thawv hauv kev coj ua ntawm cov xim me me tau ua raws papier-mâché. Daim npav dawb paug tau nias thiab tom qab ntawd qhuav rau ob peb hnub. Tom qab ntawd nws yuav tsum tau tsau rau hauv cov roj linseed rau 24 teev thiab qhuav hauv qhov cub kub li 2 hnub . Tom qab ntawd cov khoom ua tiav ib nrab yog ua tiav nrog txhuam txhuam, xuab zeb thiab cov khoom tsim nyog tau txuas rau nws. Qhov kawg ntawm theem no, lub thawv tau ua ntej nrog cov khoom tshwj xeeb, npog nrog cov kua roj vanish dub hauv ob peb txheej thiab 7 txheej ntawm cov kua roj vanish, ua tib zoo ziab txhua txheej hauv qhov cub.

Cov tha xim muaj ib ntu nruj hauv kev thov tus cwj pwm . Cov xim pleev xim Tempera tau siv txij li lub sijhawm puag thaum ub, cov kws ua yeeb yam tau ua los ntawm cov hmoov qhuav qhuav, uas cov emulsions tau txais kev pab ua cov khoom siv: ntuj (nqaij qaib qe) thiab khoom cuav (roj hauv cov kua dej kua). Kev txawj ua haujlwm nrog tus cwj pwm xav tau kev cob qhia rau ntau xyoo, tsuas yog tom qab ntawd tuaj yeem ua tau qhov zoo tagnrho ntawm txoj kab, qhov raug thiab qhov tseeb ntawm cov duab me me silhouettes tuaj yeem ua tiav.

Hauv thawj theem ntawm kev pleev xim, cov tswv tau pleev xim rau cov xim dawb, ua kom pom qhov tsaus ntuj thiab pom qhov chaw. Tom qab ntawd lawv siv cov xim tsim nyog rau tha xim lub thawv . Cov neeg siv khoom siv tes ua zoo kos cov qauv ntawm txhua lub ntsiab lus nrog cov pob txha mos xuas tes ua, ua kom pom tseeb txhua yam nrog xim thiab feem ntau siv iav tsom iav. Qhov kawg ntawm daim duab, kub tau thov (daim ntawv kub tau sib tsoo thiab sib xyaw nrog cov kua nplaum), nws muab cov duab kom sov thiab ci, nws zoo li daim duab ci los ntawm sab hauv.

Kev kho kom zoo nkauj kub tau qiv los ntawm Palekh tus tswv los ntawm lub cim xim, qhov twg kub yog lub cim ntawm kev pom los saum ntuj los.

Nyob rau theem kawg ntawm kev tsim khoom, lub thawv tau coated nrog cov kua roj vanish thiab ci . Kev txhuam yuav siv qhov chaw los ntawm kev thov ntau txheej txheej txheej, uas qhuav zoo ntawm qhov kub tau muab rau qee lub sijhawm. Tom qab ntawd saum npoo yog qib nrog iav thiab pumice, thiab tom qab ntawd txhuam ntawm lub log tshwj xeeb txav, uas tau npog nrog velvet.

Originality ntawm style

Cov keeb kwm yav dhau los rau kev kos duab ntawm Palekh caskets yog xim dub - nws yog lub cim ntawm kev tsaus ntuj, los ntawm qhov uas lub neej thiab xim tau yug los, muab qhov tob rau txhua qhov sib xyaw. Sab hauv ntawm cov khoom ib txwm liab. Palekh tha xim kuj yog tus yam ntxwv ci ntsa iab thiab xim kub. Kev kos duab zoo nkauj elongated yog ib qho ncha ntawm lub cim xim kev coj ua. Cov phab ej yog cov cim ntawm cov dab neeg thiab dab neeg, nrog rau cov haujlwm qub thiab nkauj. Cov thawv muaj lawv tus kheej lub npe, piv txwv li, "Troika", "Ermak's Campaign", "Stone Flower", "Ruslan and Lyudmila", "Vasilisa the Beautiful ".

Yuav ua li cas thiaj paub qhov txawv ntawm qhov qub los ntawm tus cuav?

Cov thawv pleev xim los ntawm Palekh yog kev kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv thiab khoom plig tshwj xeeb. Tab sis txhawm rau kom tsis txhob yuav cov khoom cuav, thaum yuav khoom, koj yuav tsum xyuam xim rau cov lus hauv qab no.

• Cov thawv Palekh qub feem ntau yog xim dub sab nrauv (qee zaum lawv tuaj yeem pleev xim ntsuab lossis xiav) thiab ib txwm pleev xim liab rau sab hauv.
• Cov duab yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm ntau lub suab ntxoov ntxoo ntawm cov duab ntxoov ntxoo, nthuav cov duab me ntsis ntawm cov cim, ua kom raug ntawm txhua lub ntsiab lus thiab cov ntsiab lus.
• Cov khoom lag luam los ntawm Palekh yog qhov txawv los ntawm kev ua kom zoo zoo sab nrauv thiab sab hauv. Kev khawb, khawb thiab ua pob yog ib qho cim ntawm lub thawv uas tsis yog lub hauv paus.
• Lub hau ntawm lub npov ib txwm nruj nreem rau lub hauv paus - lub npe hu ua lub npov.
• Thawj qhov yuav tsum muaj cov ntawv sau me me "Palekh", uas ib txwm nyob rau hauv kaum sab laug, thiab hauv kaum sab xis sab xis koj tuaj yeem nyeem lub npe ntawm tus tswv.
• Lub thawv Palekh tiag tiag tau ntim rau hauv lub thawv ntim ntawv, uas muaj txheej txheej ntawm cov paj rwb lo lo lo lo rau sab hauv uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov kua roj vanish thiab pleev xim los ntawm kev puas tsuaj.
• Tus nqi qis rau cov khoom lag luam ib txwm yog qhov taw qhia tias qhov no yog qhov cuav. Palekh tej yam me me yog cov khoom siv pej xeem siv ntau heev, yog li cov khoom no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab tsis tuaj yeem pheej yig.

Palekh pleev xim rau lub thawv yog cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm kev kos duab uas tus tswv tso nws tus plig thiab tag nrho nws ntau xyoo ntawm kev paub. Cov thawv ua siv cov txheej txheem Palekh tau paub thoob plaws ntiaj teb thiab yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm thawj kab lis kev cai Lavxias.