2024 Tus sau: Beatrice Philips | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-18 12:13
Cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm lub tsev tsim qauv hauv Tsarskoye Selo thov tias peb cov neeg nyob sib ze tau siv cov pob zeb txhawb nqa thaum ntxov li xyoo 1802. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntaub ntawv tau raug cai nyob rau xyoo 1847 los ntawm tus neeg ua teb zoo nkauj los ntawm Versailles. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, tus kws tshaj lij Lavxias, kws tsim vaj tsev, tus tsim qauv thiab tus tsim khoom Livchak Fedor Osipovich zoo siab rau qhov muaj peev xwm dav rau siv cov khoom siv xws li bentonite. Xyoo 1909, thawj lub tsev ntawm "Livchak" panels tau tsim.
Nws yog dab tsi?
Kev sib tshooj yog dab tsi hauv lub neej txhua hnub hu ua hauv pem teb thiab qab nthab. Cov plag tsev hnyav yog cov duab plaub U-puab lossis tiaj tiaj txhawb cov pob zeb ua haujlwm. Sab hauv tom kawg, muaj los ntawm cov suab nrov nyob ib puag ncig.
Thaum tsim cov qauv, tsuas muaj 2 hom hauv pem teb: monolithic (lawv tau ntxiv dag zog thiab nchuav nrog cov cement mortar ncaj qha rau ntawm qhov chaw) thiab ua kom tiav (sib sau ua ke los ntawm cov pob zeb ua tiav, thiab cov khoob ntawm lawv tau sau, yog tias tsim nyog, nrog kev txhawb nqa thiab pob zeb ua ke).
Hauv kev sib piv rau cov plag tsev monolithic, cov qauv tsim ua ntej muaj lawv tus kheej qhov zoo
- Lawv pheej yig dua vim tias kev siv cov ntaub ntawv qis thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom vim yog cov voids, ob qho tib si rau cov khw thiab cov neeg yuav khoom.
- Kev sib dhos yooj yim dua thiab sai dua. Lawv muaj lub zog siab vim muaj cov tawv tawv uas twb muaj lawm thiab muaj cov duab zoo ib yam.
- Rau kev teeb tsa, nws yog qhov txaus los ntiav tus crane thiab cov slingers, vim tias cov khoom thaiv tau hnyav thiab tsis dav heev.
- Cov voids hauv cov pob zeb txo qib suab nrov thiab muab cov rwb thaiv tsev ntxiv vim qhov tshwm sim "huab cua hauv ncoo".
- Hauv lub hoobkas, cov vaj huam sib luag tau ua los ntawm kev ua tau zoo dua thiab ntseeg tau ntau dua, txij li cov ntsuas tau raug saib xyuas ntawm txhua theem ntawm kev tsim khoom.
- Cov kab noj hniav tuaj yeem siv rau ntau yam kev sib txuas lus.
- Kev teeb tsa tuaj yeem ua tiav hauv txhua qhov xwm txheej huab cua.
Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj ib yam zoo meej. Parameters uas precast slabs tsis zoo rau monolithic txheej:
- kev teeb tsa ua tsis tau yog tias tsis siv cov khoom nqa;
- qib ntawm hardness yog qis dua;
- ib txwm muaj qhov khoob nruab nrab ntawm cov phaj uas xav tau kev ua haujlwm ntxiv;
- lawv lub neej kev pab cuam tsis tseem ceeb, tab sis tsawg dua, cov plag tsev tsuas yog tau txais lub zog kwv yees li 50 xyoo;
- kev vam khom ntawm lub Hoobkas qhov ntev (ntu nrov ntawm 1500 mm muaj nyob hauv txhua lub npe), yog li qee zaum koj yuav tsum siv cov ntsiab lus ntxiv;
- cov blocks tiav lawm muaj qhov siab loj vim qhov khoob los yog cov duab (U-shaped slabs);
- xav tau kev suav ntxiv thiab teeb duab.
Saib
Tsuas yog cov chaw tsim khoom tshwj xeeb koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov laug cam, uas nyob hauv Russia niaj hnub no tseem tsis tuaj yeem tiv nrog qhov xav tau nce ntxiv. Cov plag tsev no tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo, thiab rov tsim khoom tsim khoom tsis yog ib txoj haujlwm yooj yim, thiab nws tseem xav tau kev nqis peev loj.
Yog li ntawd, nws yuav siv sijhawm los tsim thiab xa daim ntawv xaj.
Thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, cov khoom sib dhos hauv pem teb tsis sib txawv ntawm ib leeg. Qhov tseeb, muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv, thiab qhov loj. Muaj 4 hom tseem ceeb hauv tag nrho.
Hollow core slabs ntawm PC series . Rau lawv cov khoom lag luam, xuab zeb, pob zeb tawg, cement thiab zoo ib yam lossis txhawb kev txhawb zog tau siv (ua ntej nchuav pob zeb, nws tau rub nrog lub tsho lossis hluav taws xob) hauv cov hlau tshwj xeeb.
Kev tsim khoom yuav tshwm sim hauv ntau theem:
- txhim kho qhov cuab lub zog thiab cov ntsiab lus tsis muaj dabtsis;
- pwm tau nchuav nrog pob zeb ua ke;
- compacting qhob rau vibrating ntxhuav;
- thawj qhov kev kho cua sov yuav siv qhov chaw;
- kho me me, teeb tsa ntsaws;
- cov khoom yog steamed hauv chav tshwj xeeb;
- kev kho cua sov thib ob yuav siv qhov chaw;
- txiav tawm ntau daim ntawm qhov cuab lub zog.
Qhov cuab lub zog tuaj yeem muab tso rau ntawm thiab hla lub slab. Lub voids yog puag ncig, 127, 140 lossis 159 mm txoj kab uas hla. Txhawm rau ntxiv dag zog, kab noj hniav qee zaum tau ntim nrog cov qhob (nws tuaj yeem xaj tau ntawm lub hoobkas). Txhawm rau ua kom yooj yim teeb tsa, 4 txoj hlua khawm tau teeb tsa hauv lawv raws ib puag ncig. Tus qauv siab yog 220 hli. Ntev - los ntawm 1180 txog 9700 mm (sib txawv hauv cov theem ntawm 300 mm), dav - los ntawm 990 txog 3500 mm. Cov qauv txheem - 600 kg / cm², 800 kg / cm² (ntawm kev thov, nws tuaj yeem nce mus rau 1250 kg / cm²).
Muaj kev xyaum tsis muaj kev txwv txog kev thov - los ntawm lub nkas -las mus rau ntau lub tsev.
Hollow core slabs ntawm PB series . Qhov kev sib zog ua kom muaj zog nyob ntawm qhov ntev. Thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom, cov txheej txheem uas tsis yog-formwork txuas ntxiv ua ntawm cov sawv ntev tau siv.
Rau qhov no, siv cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb thiab thev naus laus zis tshwj xeeb:
- extrusion (los ntawm lus Askiv extrusion - thawb tawm, nyem tawm) thiab extrusion ua ke nrog kev co (extruder yog lub tshuab uas cov qhob sib xyaw tau nyem tawm thiab tsim ib txhij);
- Kev sib faib ua ke (los ntawm lus Askiv sib cais - sib cais, sib faib) yog cov fiber ntau ua ke nrog cov hlab ntshav (ib sab ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom sib cais, uas hloov pauv sib cais 2 txheej ntawm cov pob zeb sib xyaw, thiab qhov kev co yog tsim los ntawm cov vuas voos).
Raws li cov kev ntsuas tshwj xeeb, kev txiav cov kab xev tau ua los ntawm lwm lub cuab yeej. Cov voids muaj cov duab semicircular. Tsis muaj cov nplhaib sib dhos. Qhov siab ntawm cov pob zeb yog los ntawm 160 txog 330 mm, qhov ntev yog txog 12000 mm (nyob ntawm qhov kev txiav txim, nws tuaj yeem sib txawv hauv qhov nce ntawm 100 mm), qhov dav yog los ntawm 1000 txog 1500 mm. Txuj kev thauj khoom - los ntawm 300 txog 1600 kg / cm². Daim ntawv thov - kev tsim qis . Tsis zoo li cov kab lus dhau los, cov nplais tuaj yeem txiav ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm 45 degrees (muaj ntau qhov muaj peev xwm hauv daim ntawv thov hais txog kev tsim qauv daws teeb meem). Ua tsaug rau kev ua haujlwm nrog lub tshuab ua kom du, qhov saum npoo yog du (tso cai rau koj los txo kev siv cov ntaub ntawv rau qib tom ntej ntawm hauv pem teb thaum kho).
Ua tau zoo, cov phaj muaj kev ua tau zoo dua vim yog siv cov tshuab tsim khoom tshiab.
- Cov phaj ntawm PNO series . Cov txheej txheem thiab txheej txheem thev naus laus zis tau siv rau kev tsim khoom (tag nrho cov txheej txheem tsim khoom zoo ib yam li kev ua haujlwm, tsuas yog nws siv qhov chaw nyob ruaj khov). Cov voids yog puag ncig thiab muaj lub taub loj dua hauv kev sib piv nrog PC slabs. Mounting rings tsis yog ib txwm muaj. Txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub suab yog 144 hli. Qhov siab - 160 hli. Ntev - los ntawm 1580 txog 6280 hli, dav - los ntawm 990 txog 1490 hli. Txuj kev thauj khoom - los ntawm 300 txog 1000 kg / cm². Lawv tau siv hauv kev tsim qis. Cov yam ntxwv sib txawv ntawm PNO slab los ntawm PK thiab PB series - vim muaj qhov taub ntau ntxiv ntawm qhov khoob, qhov hnyav poob qis, cov khoom lag luam pheej yig dua thiab cov tawv tawv tau ntxiv dag zog, ntau cov pob zeb ua kom ruaj khov thiab khov kho tau siv hauv kev tsim khoom.
- Ribbed U-puab daim hlau . Hauv kev tsim khoom, siv cov cuab yeej txhawb nqa ntxiv (kev sib tshuam tau txuas nrog los ntawm vuam). Qhob nyob rau hauv daim ntawv npaj tau muab tso rau hauv 2 txheej. Txhua tus tau vibrated nruj me ntsis rau 1 thiab 2 feeb, feem. Qhov no yog ua raws los ntawm kev kho cua sov thiab tom qab txiav. Rings mounting yog ntsia. Qhov siab - los ntawm 220 txog 600 mm, ntev - los ntawm 4780 txog 18000 mm, dav - los ntawm 1190 txog 3000 mm. Txuj kev thauj khoom - los ntawm 350 kg / cm². Ribbed panels tau siv hauv kev tsim cov tsev uas tsis yog neeg nyob, cua sov cov nroj tsuag thiab cov dej siv.
Los ntawm qhov saum toj no, koj tuaj yeem pom tias txhua qhov hnyav hauv pem teb slabs sib txawv ntawm lawv tus kheej hauv cov hauv qab no:
- hom ntu - hollow thiab ribbed;
- tus naj npawb ntawm txheej-ib txheej thiab ob txheej;
- txoj kev txhawb zog;
- qhov ntev;
- normative load;
- txoj kev npaj;
- cheeb tsam thov
Ntxiv rau, muaj lwm qhov sib txawv:
- qib sib txawv ntawm cov pob zeb tau siv rau kev tsim khoom;
- muaj qhov tuaj yeem yog cov kab sib txawv thiab cov duab;
- qhov hnyav sib txawv
Kev teeb tsa tshuab
Ua ntej mus rau kev teeb tsa hauv pem teb, cov duab kos tau kos, ua raws qhov nruj uas lawv pib ua. Qhov no pab nrhiav qhov pom kev pom zoo ntawm cov phiaj, nrog rau lawv qhov ntev. Thaum kos duab kos, qhov tseem ceeb uas tau them nyiaj mloog yog phab ntsa uas muaj lub nra hnyav. Raws li txoj kev npaj ua tiav, nws yuav tuaj yeem suav qhov xav tau ntev thiab dav ntawm cov vaj huam sib luag txhawm rau txhawm rau txo qhov khoob ntawm lawv.
Cov txheej txheem teeb tsa nws tus kheej yog raws li hauv qab no:
- cov blocks raug tshem tawm thiab teeb tsa siv lub tsheb crane;
- rau kev sib txuas muaj zog thiab txhawm rau zam kev tsim qhov khoob, cov pob zeb tau tsau rau ntawm cov cement mortar;
- Raws li tus txheej txheem txheej txheem txheej txheem, cov nplais yuav tsum mus 120-150 hli mus rau phab ntsa txhawb nqa;
- cov vaj huam sib luag tau txuas rau ib leeg siv cov pas nrig hlau, cov hlua txuas thiab vuam;
- cov nqaws tau nchuav nrog pob zeb ua ke (yog tias tsim nyog, kev txhawb nqa tau ua tiav).
Cov phiaj xwm no tseem muab rau kev kaw qhov kawg, uas yuav tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob khov lub tsev, uas ua tiav raws li hauv qab no:
- koj yuav tsum tau sau cov voids nrog cov ntxhia pob zeb 200-300 hli;
- sau cov voids nrog cov pob zeb hnyav 120-200 hli;
- kaw nrog cov qhob ntsaws;
- coj cov cib liab liab zoo tib yam hauv cov tshuaj khib thiab kaw qhov saum npoo nrog nws.
Cov cai xaiv
Nrog rau kev nqis tes ua, koj ib txwm xav txuag nyiaj thiab tsis poob qhov zoo. Hauv qhov teeb meem xws li kev tsim kho, qhov ntsuas ntawm kev khaws nyiaj yog qhov tseem ceeb, ib yam yog lub luag haujlwm rau qhov tshwm sim. Raws li cov lus xaus saum toj no, nws yuav tsis nyuaj rau kos - rau kev tsim qis, PNO series npog phaj yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws haum.
Nws qhov siab thiab du nto tso cai tsis tsuas yog txuag cov ntaub ntawv tiav, tab sis kuj tseem nce lub qab nthab qhov siab los ntawm yam tsawg 60 hli. Cov ntawv loj dua txhim kho cov cua sov thiab rwb thaiv tsev thiab ua kom txhav txhav, txo qhov hnyav thiab txo cov nqi tsim khoom li no tus nqi ntawm lub qhov cub. Ib qho ntxiv, kab noj hniav tso cai rau koj zais tsis yog tsuas yog cov thaiv, tab sis yuav luag txhua qhov kev sib txuas lus. Cov thaiv tau tiv taus kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.
Qhov tsis zoo suav nrog qhov xav tau nqa nqa.
Lub sijhawm xa khoom rau cov khoom tiav tuaj yeem ntev thiab, ntawm chav kawm, koj yuav tsum nrog kev suav nrog thiab teeb duab kos, suav nrog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tsim cov tsev.
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Vim li cas koj thiaj xav paub qhov hnyav ntawm daim hlau nplaig thiab zawj? Ntau npaum li cas 80 hli tus nplaig-thiab-zuaj phaj thiab lwm qhov hnyav? Qhov hnyav ntawm cov khoom thiab cov khoob khoob sib txawv li cas? Ntau npaum li cas slabs los ntawm cov tuam txhab sib txawv hnyav?
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Cov khoom vov tsev lossis cov ru tsev muaj kev xav yog cov khoom siv hauv tsev raws li bituminous impregnation. Nws lub hom phiaj yog ua laj kab hlau, ua vaj tse thiab xis mas, ntoo, cib thiab ua npuas ncauj thaiv ib leeg. Nws thawj daim ntawv thov yog tso rau ntawm lub hauv paus hauv thawj kab ntawm phab ntsa masonry.
