Hnyav R-4: Cov Yam Ntxwv Tshwj Xeeb Thiab Muaj Pes Tsawg Leeg, Ntom Ntom Thiab Thov, Analogues Thiab Cov Npe Nrov

2024 Tus sau: Beatrice Philips | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-09 13:23

Kev siv cov kua roj vanish thiab pleev xim rau hauv kev tsim khoom thiab lub neej niaj hnub feem ntau tsis yooj yim vim lawv qhov ntom ntom ntom ntom thiab viscosity. Qhov tsis yooj yim no tau yooj yim tshem tawm los ntawm qhov hnyav.

Thiab nws tseem xav tau kom tshem cov xim pleev xim, degrease nto, txhuam txhuam tom qab ua haujlwm. R-4 yuav ua tiav txhua yam haujlwm no.

Nta thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg

Ib qho kuab tshuaj twg yog koom nrog pab pawg ntawm cov tshuaj nquag, lossis yog sib xyaw ntawm ntau qhov sib xyaw. Xws li kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj ntawm keeb kwm organic yog P-4.

Nws zoo li cov dej ntshiab, tsis muaj xim lossis xim daj .dawb ntawm cov av los yog cov khoom raug tshem tawm. Cov tshuaj muaj cov yam ntxwv ntxhiab tsw.

Nws tau txais koob meej zoo vim nws muaj cov khoom siv tau zoo. P-4 tab tom muag hauv txhua lub khw tshwj xeeb ntawm tus nqi pheej yig. Ib qho ntxiv, muaj ntau yam kev siv, nws yooj yim heev rau siv. Cov lus piav qhia ntawm txoj hauv kev thov thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg feem ntau tau qhia hauv cov lus qhia ntawm lub ntim nrog cov khoom.

Ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm R-4 yog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm nws siv rau dilution ntawm yuav luag txhua yam xim thiab cov khoom siv kua roj vanish, ua rau lawv siv nyiaj txiag los siv. Thiab tseem P-4 muab lawv lub peev xwm kom qhuav sai dua, thiab thaum qhuav ua cov zaj duab xis du uas tiv thaiv cov txheej los ntawm kev ploj.

Nws yog qhov tsim nyog kom ntseeg tau tias tsis muaj dej nkag mus rau qhov hnyav thaum ua haujlwm. Nws yuav sib xyaw nrog acetone thiab qhov no yuav ua rau cov pob me me tshwm rau ntawm cov xim pleev xim tom qab ziab.

Acetone thiab toluene xav tau cov khoom xyaw hauv qhov hnyav . Muaj 26 thiab 62% ntawm lawv hauv P-4, feem. Lawv nthuav dav rau nws daim ntawv thov. Thiab tseem butyl acetate tau ntxiv rau qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg, uas pab tiv thaiv cov xim pleev xim los ntawm kev ploj.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov tshuaj no tsis tuaj yeem hu ua muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tib neeg lub cev. Txawm hais tias kev sib cuag nrog cov kuab tshuaj rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij tsis ua rau kub hnyiab, kev sib cuag nrog nws ntev thiab nqus tau cov pa yuav tsis hnov qab: lom, kiv taub hau, hnoos, thiab tawv nqaij tuaj yeem tshwm sim.

Yog li ntawd, yuav tsum tau ntsuas kev tiv thaiv kev ua pa thaum tuav cov kuab tshuaj. Thiab kuj koj yuav tsum tsis txhob ua kua hauv qhov muag. Kev ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau ua hauv thaj chaw uas muaj cua nkag tau zoo; hnab looj tes lossis hnab looj tes yuav pab tau.

Kev qhia tshwj xeeb

Cov kuab tshuaj R-4 yog cov tshuaj tsis haum rau nws tus kheej. Txawm li cas los xij, kev kub nyhiab tshwm sim ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj - siab tshaj 500 degrees C. Tsis txhob haus luam yeeb nyob ze nws, qhib cov nplaim taws thiab cov txim taws tsis tuaj yeem lees txais.

Ib tus yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account xws li qhov ntsuas tseem ceeb xws li lub teeb nyem . Lub sij hawm no qhia txog qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas kub uas cov kuab tshuaj sib xyaw nrog cov pa ua pa ua rau muaj qhov nplaim taws qhib. Rau P -4, lub teeb nyem yog -7 degrees C.

Thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom, cov khoom tau ntim rau hauv lub thawv, cov phab ntsa uas yuav tsis nkag rau hauv cov tshuaj lom nrog nws. Qhov no feem ntau yog iav lossis ntim yas. Nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau khaws cov tshuaj hnyav hauv chav tsaus uas muaj qhov cua nkag tau zoo kom tsis txhob raug tshav ncaj qha thiab ya raws. Lub thawv yuav tsum kaw nruj nreem, thiab yuav tsum tsis muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob lossis cua sov nyob ze.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kuab tshuaj yog txiav txim siab los ntawm GOSTs. Feem ntau lawv tau qhia rau ntawm lub ntim khoom. Rau P-4, cov no yog:

• coagulation naj npawb - 24%;
• ib feem ntawm cov dej - 0.7%;
• kev hloov pauv - 5-15;
• ntom - 0.85 m3;
• qhov kub hnyiab - 550 ° C;
• flash point - rho tawm 7 degrees C.

Cov ntim hnyav tuaj yeem ua rau me me lossis loj . Nws nyob ntawm qhov chaw nws yuav siv.

Rau kev siv hauv tsev, nws mus muag hauv cov ntim ntawm 0, 5, 1, 3, 5, 10, 20 litres. Hauv lub raj mis uas muaj peev xwm ntawm 0.5 liv, qhov hnyav ntawm cov khoom yuav yog 0.4 kg. Hauv lwm lub ntim - 0, 7, 2, 2, 3, 7, 7, 2, 14 kg raws li qhov qhia tau.

Rau kev siv hauv kev lag luam, ntim loj tau siv. Nws tuaj yeem yog 100 thiab 216 litres. Hauv nws, qhov hnyav ntawm cov khoom yuav yog 72 thiab 165 kg, feem.

Lub ntim ntim thiab qhov hnyav ntawm cov khoom hauv nws yuav txawv ntawm cov tuam txhab sib txawv. Cov neeg tsim khoom teeb tsa lub neej txee ntawm cov khoom ntawm ib xyoos txij li hnub tsim khoom.

Scope ntawm daim ntawv thov

P-4 yog qhov nrov heev ntawm cov neeg koom nrog hauv kev kho dua tshiab ntawm thaj chaw, vim tias nws tau siv thoob ntiaj teb thiab tsim nyog rau ntau yam haujlwm.

Feem ntau nws yog siv los pleev xim ua haujlwm ., vim nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev ua kom siab ntawm cov xim thiab cov kua roj vanish siv hauv kev kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv. Nws tau tsim tshwj xeeb rau cov khoom siv raws li vinyl chloride, epoxy, PVC thiab chlorinated resins. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog thaum nws tsim nyog los dilute lossis yaj cov khoom siv hluavtaws lossis ntuj tsim ua ke.

Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias kev siv cov kuab tshuaj txo qis tus nqi ntawm kev ua haujlwm kho, vim tias nws tus nqi qis, thiab kev siv cov xim hauv cov kua sib xws ntau dua tau txo qis. Hauv qhov no, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov xim tsis raug kev txom nyem.

Txawm hais tias lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm cov kuab tshuaj yog kom cov kua roj vanish thiab pleev xim, nws tuaj yeem siv los ntxuav thiab degrease nto. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, so lawv nrog daim ntaub ntub hauv qhov hnyav.

Cov av tawm los yooj yim heev thiab cov kuab tshuaj sai sai, tawm hauv zaj duab xis nyias . Cov yeeb yaj kiab uas tshwm sim yog txheej txheej tiv thaiv zoo tshaj plaws uas yuav ua kom cov xim tom qab zoo ntawm qhov saum npoo.

Txhawm rau tiv thaiv txhuam thiab lwm yam cuab yeej los ntawm kev puas tsuaj, lawv yuav tsum tau ntxuav tom qab ua haujlwm. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog xab npum thiab dej. R-4 yuav los pab cawm ntawm no ib yam.

Degreasing kuj tseem tsim nyog rau ntau lwm yam tsis ua haujlwm. Piv txwv, rau daim ntawv thov tom ntej ntawm cov kua nplaum lossis lwm yam sib txuas thaum kho cov khau, rooj tog lossis khoom siv, thaum gluing cov tawg tawg. Cov txheej txheem degreasing tuaj yeem ua tiav siv P-4.

Chaw tsim tshuaj paus

Niaj hnub no muaj ntau lub tuam txhab tsim khoom lag luam uas, ntawm lwm cov khoom lag luam, tsim cov kuab tshuaj.

Ib qho ntawm cov tuam txhab loj tshaj plaws hauv Lavxias - Dmitrievsky tshuaj cog.

Nws keeb kwm pib dua ib puas xyoo dhau los. Xyoo 1899, lub chaw tsim khoom me me tsim cov kua qaub thiab nws cov ntsev tau tsim los ntawm Savva Morozov. Dhau ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntev, nws tau dhau los ua lub tuam txhab niaj hnub uas tsim cov khoom lag luam rau ntau yam lag luam. Lub tuam txhab txuas ntxiv txhim kho thiab saib xyuas nws lub koob npe nrov, siv kev tswj hwm cov khoom lag luam zoo nyob rau txhua theem ntawm nws kev tsim khoom. Yog li ntawd, ntau yam khoom lag luam, suav nrog P-4, yog qhov xav tau tsis yog hauv khw lag luam nkaus xwb, tab sis tseem nyob hauv 70 lub tebchaws thoob ntiaj teb.

Lwm qhov chaw tsim khoom loj uas paub zoo yog tsob ntoo Belarusian " Naftan" cov.

Nov yog kev lag luam tseem hluas, nws kev tsim kho pib xyoo 1958. Lub Ob Hlis 9, 1963 tau txiav txim siab nws hnub yug, thaum roj av tau tsim thawj zaug hauv Belarus. Lub tuam txhab tsim los ntawm kev dhia thiab ciam teb, thev naus laus zis tau txhim kho tas li, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tau nce ntxiv.

Ntxiv nrog rau cov chaw tsim khoom, cov nroj tsuag muaj cov txheej txheem ua liaj ua teb tank, hla dhau qhov uas tau txais cov khoom siv raw thiab cov khoom raug xa, nrog rau kev tsim kho kev thauj mus los nrog rau txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau.

Cov nroj tsuag tsim cov khoom sib txawv ntawm 70 yam khoom rau ntau yam lag luam. Muaj ntau hom tshuaj hnyav nyob hauv cov npe khoom, suav nrog P-4. Rau kev siv hauv tsev, cov khoom tau ntim rau hauv iav fwj nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 1 thiab 2 litres.

Noj

Yog li hais tias cov xim pleev xim tom qab tsis pib tawg vim yog daim ntawv thov tsis sib xws thiab cov pob, nws yuav tsum nyob saum npoo hauv ib txheej txawm tias. Qhov hnyav ntxiv yuav daws qhov teeb meem no.

Muaj cov ntaub ntawv tswj hwm los txiav txim siab qhov hnyav . Qee lub sij hawm dhau los lawv tau yooj yim siv. Txawm li cas los xij, tam sim no muaj ntau hom xim thiab lawv cov chaw tsim khoom, yog li koj yuav tsum tau ua raws cov lus pom zoo los ntawm cov khw. Txhua hom xim thiab cov khoom lag luam tuaj yeem muaj nws tus kheej nuances. Cov khoom siv saum npoo yuav tsum pleev xim, qhov kub thiab txias ntawm ib puag ncig, hom thiab "hnub nyoog" ntawm cov xim, txha hniav laus, primer lossis kua roj vanish thiab lawv lub npe, txoj hauv kev thov tuaj yeem suav nrog.

Piv txwv li, rau cov kua roj vanish XB-784 lossis txha hniav laus XB-124 thiab XB-125, 50% ntawm cov kuab tshuaj los ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm cov xim lossis cov kua roj vanish yuav xav tau rau daim ntawv thov pneumatic thiab 25-35%-tsis muaj cua. Cov khoom no tsis siv nrog txhuam. Yog tias koj siv cov txhuam hniav nrog txhuam, qhov hnyav siv yuav yog 13-15%.

Txhawm rau paub seb koj xav tau hnyav npaum li cas, koj yuav tsum xub suav qhov xim koj xav tau . Cov neeg tsim khoom, raws li txoj cai, qhia hauv pob ntawv cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov loj ntawm thaj chaw uas xav tau 1 kg lossis 1 litre xim. Nws yog qhov yooj yim dua los siv qhov ntsuas ntawm cov khoom siv ib 1 m2. Feem ntau, cov ntsuas no txawv tsis tsuas yog rau ntau hom xim, tab sis kuj rau xim sib txawv ntawm cov xim tib yam.

Rau kev tsim cov roj, tus nqi sib kis kuj tseem ceeb . Nws qhia tau hais tias tuab npaum li cas txheej qhuav yuav tsum yog tom qab tha xim, uas txheej no yuav tsis pob tshab. Tag nrho cov ntsuas no coj mus rau hauv tus account tus nqi ntawm qhov ua tiav, uas yog, diluted, muaj pes tsawg leeg. Los ntawm kev suav nws qhov ntau, suav nrog thaj chaw thiab thaj chaw zoo, koj tuaj yeem xam ntau npaum li cas cov xim koj xav yuav thiab siv cov kuab tshuaj.

Piv txwv li, txhawm rau kho chav, koj xav tau 10 litres ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Yog tias koj siv cov xim pleev xim rau hauv txoj kev yooj yim pneumatic (qhov twg xav tau 50% ntawm cov kuab tshuaj), tom qab ntawd los ntawm kev tsis suav cov lej yooj yim tshaj plaws koj yuav txiav txim siab qhov sib piv ntawm cov khoom. Txij li qhov no koj siv 100% xim thiab 50% hnyav, tom qab ntawd hauv 10 litres lawv yuav yog 150%. Ua ib feem thiab ua laij lej. Nws hloov tawm tias qhov hnyav xav tau txog 3, 3 litres, thiab pleev xim - 6, 6 litres.

Yog tias koj siv txhuam thaum koj xav tau 15% cov tshuaj hnyav rau sib tov, tom qab ntawd 10 liv yuav xav tau 1, 3 litres, thiab pleev xim - 8, 7. Tsis txhob hnov qab tias tom qab ua haujlwm koj yuav tsum tau txhuam txhuam thiab so txhua qhov av.

Txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau npaj cov xim thiab cov kua roj vanish kom raug, nws yog qhov tsim nyog ntxiv cov ntu me me ntawm cov kuab tshuaj rau nws kom txog thaum cov kua roj vanish lossis xim tau txais qhov sib xws haum. Qhov no yuav tsum tau sib xyaw tas li ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg.

Analogs

Yog tias nws tshwm sim tias tag nrho cov kuab tshuaj tau ploj mus, thiab lub khw P-4 nyob ze tsis yog, tom qab ntawd teeb meem me me.

Koj tuaj yeem ua tiav txoj haujlwm siv nws cov neeg sib tw

• Ua ntej tshaj plaws, xyuam xim rau P-4A. Nws muaj cov khoom zoo ib yam li P-4, nws yog nws qhov sib piv zoo tshaj plaws. Lawv muaj qhov sib xyaw ua ke thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ib yam. Nws txawv ntawm P-4 thaum tsis muaj butyl acetate hauv qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Ua tsaug rau qhov tseeb no, P-4A tuaj yeem siv nrog HV-124 txha hniav laus.
• Koj tuaj yeem hloov P-4 nrog P-5 lossis P-5A. Lawv muaj qhov dav dav me ntsis. Lawv tuaj yeem siv rau cov khoom siv raws li roj hmab, organosilicon, polyacrylic resins. R-5 muaj 40% toluene thiab 30% butyl acetate thiab acetone.
• Thiab kuj yog "txheeb ze" ntawm R-4 yog R-12 hnyav. Nws txawv ntawm P-4 hauv qhov tsis muaj acetone hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg, nws tau hloov los ntawm xylene. Nws muaj qhov nqes qis dua. Nws yog 490 degrees C. R-12 yuav tsum tau siv nrog ceev faj yog tias lwm yam tshuaj tau siv rau kev ua haujlwm. Qhov tseeb yog tias thaum sib xyaw nrog qee yam (hydrogen peroxide, acetic lossis nitric acid), nws muaj peev xwm tsim cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua kom tawg.

P-12 tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm nrog ntau hom xim thiab kua roj vanish, nrog cov yeeb yaj kiab tsim cov tshuaj. Nws tau siv dav hauv khw kho tsheb, qhov uas lawv tau cog qoob loo nrog lub tsheb pleev xim. Thiab tseem nrog nws txoj kev pab, cov xim acrylic qub raug tshem tawm hauv tsheb. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, cov xim pleev xim nrog cov khoom lag luam thiab tos 10-15 feeb, thiab tom qab ntawd cov txheej muag muag tau muab tshem tawm nrog tus txhuam. R-12 yog siv nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub rau kev ntxuav cov cuab yeej, tshem cov stains. Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias R-12 yog kev txhoj puab heev rau qee yam ntawm cov yas.

Hnyav R-4 tuaj yeem hloov nrog lwm hom. Ntawm no koj yuav tsum tau them sai sai rau qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov yam ntxwv zoo. Yog tias kev sib xyaw ntawm cov xim thiab cov kua roj vanish thiab cov kuab tshuaj tsis sib xws, tom qab ntawd lawv cov khoom tuaj yeem coagulate lossis tshem tawm. Rau kev xaiv cov qauv sib xws, nws yog qhov zoo dua los nrhiav kev qhia los ntawm kws tshaj lij.

Nws yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab tias cov analogues ntawm R-4 kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua rau cov nplaim taws thiab muaj tshuaj lom, thiab nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam kev ntsuas kev nyab xeeb thaum ua haujlwm, thiab lawv yuav tsum tau khaws cia rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo.