2024 Tus sau: Beatrice Philips | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-16 04:44
Qhov ntim ntawm ntoo - hauv cubic meters - tsis yog qhov kawg, txawm hais tias txiav txim siab, yam ntxwv uas txiav txim siab tus nqi ntawm ib qho kev xaj tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom ntoo . Nws tseem ceeb heev kom paub tias cov ceev (kev nqus) thiab tag nrho cov loj ntawm lub batch ntawm cov laug cam, beams los yog cav thov los ntawm ib tug kev thov kev pab.
Kev nqus tshwj xeeb
Kev nqus tshwj xeeb ntawm ib cubic meter ntawm ntoo - hauv kilograms ib cubic meter - yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov hauv qab no:
- noo noo nyob hauv ntoo;
- ntom ntawm cov ntoo ntoo - hais txog ntoo qhuav.
Cov ntoo txiav thiab muab sau rau ntawm lub tshuab txiav ntoo sib txawv hauv qhov hnyav. Nyob ntawm hom tsiaj, hom ntoo - spruce, ntoo thuv, birch, acacia, thiab lwm yam. - Tsob ntoo qhuav uas muaj lub npe tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom tau sau muaj qhov sib txawv sib txawv. Raws li GOST, kev tso cai ntau tshaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm ib cubic meter ntawm cov ntoo qhuav tau tso cai. Ntoo qhuav muaj cov dej noo ntawm 6-18%.
Qhov tseeb yog qhov ntawd ntoo qhuav tsis muaj nyob - muaj ib txwm muaj dej tsawg hauv nws … Yog tias cov ntoo thiab cov ntoo txiav tsis muaj dej (0% noo noo), tom qab ntawd tsob ntoo yuav plam nws cov qauv thiab tawg nyob hauv ib qho khoom uas pom tau ntawm nws. Ib qho bar, ib lub cav, lub rooj tsavxwm yuav tawg sai rau hauv tib neeg cov fibers. Xws li cov khoom siv tsuas yog ua tau zoo raws li cov muab tub lim rau cov ntoo ua cov khoom sib xyaw, xws li MDF, uas cov polymers sib txuas tau ntxiv rau ntoo hmoov.
Thiaj li, tom qab deforestation thiab sau ntoo, tom kawg yog qhov zoo qhuav . Lub sij hawm zoo tshaj - xyoo txij li hnub ntawm kev yuav khoom . Rau qhov no, ntoo tau muab khaws cia rau hauv lub tsev txhab nyiaj uas tau npog, qhov uas tsis muaj kev nkag tau mus rau nag lossis daus, cov av noo thiab ntub.
Txawm hais tias cov ntoo ntawm lub hauv paus thiab hauv cov chaw khaws khoom raug muag hauv "ntsuas", nws qhov zoo kom qhuav yog qhov tseem ceeb . Raws li qhov xwm txheej zoo, tsob ntoo tau qhuav hauv thaj chaw sab hauv tsev nrog txhua lub hlau, phab ntsa hlau thiab qab nthab. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov, qhov kub nyob hauv lub tsev rau khoom nce siab tshaj +60 - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub caij ntuj sov. Qhov kub thiab qhuav, sai dua thiab zoo dua ntoo yuav qhuav . Nws tsis tau teeb tsa nyob ze rau ib leeg, zoo li, hais, cov cib lossis cov ntawv hlau, tab sis tau muab tso tawm kom tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm huab cua ntshiab tau muab nruab nrab ntawm kab teeb, cav thiab / lossis cov phiajcim.
Cov ntoo qhuav, qhov sib zog nws yog - uas txhais tau tias lub tsheb yuav siv roj tsawg dua ntawm kev xa ntoo mus rau cov neeg siv khoom tshwj xeeb.
Qhuav theem - qib sib txawv ntawm cov av noo. Cia peb xav txog tias hav zoov tau sau thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg nrog los nag ntau zaus. Cov ntoo feem ntau ntub, ntoo puv dej. Ib tsob ntoo ntub uas nyuam qhuav tau txiav hauv hav zoov zoo li no yuav luag 50% cov av noo. Ntxiv mus (tom qab khaws cia hauv qhov chaw npog thiab kaw nrog cov khoom siv thiab tso pa tawm), nws mus raws cov theem ziab hauv qab no:
- ntoo nyoos - 24 … 45% noo noo;
- huab cua qhuav - 19 … 23%.
Thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd nws dhau los ua qhuav. Lub sijhawm tau los muag nws cov txiaj ntsig thiab sai sai, kom txog thaum cov khoom ntub thiab puas los ntawm pwm thiab kab mob. Cov dej noo ntawm 12% raug suav ua tus qauv nruab nrab. Yam thib ob cuam tshuam rau qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm tsob ntoo suav nrog lub sijhawm ntawm lub xyoo thaum cov ntoo tshwj xeeb tau txiav thiab cov huab cua hauv ib puag ncig.
Qhov hnyav
Yog tias peb tab tom tham txog qhov ntim ntawm cov ntoo, ze rau ib cubic meter, nws qhov hnyav tau rov suav dua hauv tons. Txog kev ncaj ncees, thaiv, cov ntoo sib sau tau rov ntsuas ntawm cov nplai pib uas tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov hnyav txog li 100 tons. Paub txog qhov ntim thiab hom (hom ntoo), lawv txiav txim siab pawg neeg ntom ntawm cov ntoo tshwj xeeb.
Tsawg ntom - txog 540 kg / m3 -muaj nyob hauv spruce, ntoo thuv, fir, cedar, juniper, poplar, linden, willow, alder, txiv ntseej, walnut, velvet, ntxiv rau cov khoom siv ntoo los ntawm aspen.
Qhov nruab nrab ntom - txog 740 kg / m3 - sib xws rau larch, yog, feem ntau hom ntoo ntoo, elm, pear, feem ntau hom ntoo qhib, elm, elm, maple, sycamore, qee hom txiv hmab txiv ntoo qoob loo, tshauv.
Txhua yam uas hnyav dua 750 kg hauv ntim ib cubic meter , hais txog acacia, hornbeam, boxwood, hlau thiab ntoo pistachio, thiab dhia dhia.
Qhov hnyav tag nrho hauv cov xwm txheej no tau rov suav dua raws li qhov nruab nrab qhov nruab nrab 12% cov av noo. Yog li, rau conifers, GOST 8486-86 yog lub luag haujlwm rau qhov no.
Xauv
Qhov hnyav ntawm cov ntoo tuab tuab ntawm ib tsob ntoo, nyob ntawm hom tsiaj (txiav txim siab lossis coniferous), hom ntoo thiab nws cov ntsiab lus noo noo, tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tau yooj yim los ntawm lub rooj ntawm qhov tseem ceeb. Cov ntsiab lus noo ntawm 10 thiab 15 feem pua hauv cov qauv no sib xws rau cov ntoo qhuav, 25, 30 thiab 40 feem pua - ntub.
Saib |
Cov ntsiab lus ya raws, % |
|||||||||||
10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 |
100 |
|
Beech | 670 | 680 | 690 | 710 | 720 | 780 | 830 | 890 | 950 | 1000 | 1060 | 1110 |
Spruce | 440 | 450 | 460 | 470 | 490 | 520 | 560 | 600 | 640 | 670 | 710 | 750 |
Larch | 660 | 670 | 690 | 700 | 710 | 770 | 820 | 880 | 930 | 990 | 1040 | 1100 |
Aspen | 490 | 500 | 510 | 530 | 540 | 580 | 620 | 660 | 710 | 750 | 790 | 830 |
Birch | ||||||||||||
fluffy | 630 | 640 | 650 | 670 | 680 | 730 | 790 | 840 | 890 | 940 | 1000 | 1050 |
tav | 680 | 690 | 700 | 720 | 730 | 790 | 850 | 900 | 960 | 1020 | 1070 | 1130 |
daurian | 720 | 730 | 740 | 760 | 780 | 840 | 900 | 960 | 1020 | 1080 | 1140 | 1190 |
hlau | 960 | 980 | 1000 | 1020 | 1040 | 1120 | 1200 | 1280 | ||||
Ntoo qhib: | ||||||||||||
petiolate | 680 | 700 | 720 | 740 | 760 | 820 | 870 | 930 | 990 | 1050 | 1110 | 1160 |
Sab hnub tuaj | 690 | 710 | 730 | 750 | 770 | 830 | 880 | 940 | 1000 | 1060 | 1120 | 1180 |
Georgian | 770 | 790 | 810 | 830 | 850 | 920 | 980 | 1050 | 1120 | 1180 | 1250 | 1310 |
araksin | 790 | 810 | 830 | 850 | 870 | 940 | 1010 | 1080 | 1150 | 1210 | 1280 | 1350 |
Ntoo thuv: | ||||||||||||
ntoo cedar | 430 | 440 | 450 | 460 | 480 | 410 | 550 | 580 | 620 | 660 | 700 | 730 |
siberian | 430 | 440 | 450 | 460 | 480 | 410 | 550 | 580 | 620 | 660 | 700 | 730 |
ntau | 500 | 510 | 520 | 540 | 550 | 590 | 640 | 680 | 720 | 760 | 810 | 850 |
Tsov: | ||||||||||||
siberian | 370 | 380 | 390 | 400 | 410 | 440 | 470 | 510 | 540 | 570 | 600 | 630 |
cov plaub hau dawb | 390 | 400 | 410 | 420 | 430 | 470 | 500 | 530 | 570 | 600 | 630 | 660 |
tag nrho-tawm | 390 | 400 | 410 | 420 | 430 | 470 | 500 | 530 | 570 | 600 | 630 | 660 |
dawb | 420 | 430 | 440 | 450 | 460 | 500 | 540 | 570 | 610 | 640 | 680 | 710 |
Caucasian | 430 | 440 | 450 | 460 | 480 | 510 | 550 | 580 | 620 | 660 | 700 | 730 |
Tshauv: | ||||||||||||
Manchurian | 640 | 660 | 680 | 690 | 710 | 770 | 820 | 880 | 930 | 990 | 1040 | 1100 |
ib txwm | 670 | 690 | 710 | 730 | 740 | 800 | 860 | 920 | 980 | 1030 | 1090 | 1150 |
ntse-txiv hmab txiv ntoo | 790 | 810 | 830 | 850 | 870 | 940 | 1010 | 1080 | 1150 | 1210 | 1280 | 1350 |
Piv txwv li, xaj 10 daim txiag ntoo ntsuas 600 * 30 * 5 cm, peb tau 0.09 m3. Muaj peev xwm qhuav ntoo spruce ntawm qhov ntim no muaj qhov hnyav ntawm 39.6 kg. Kev suav ntawm qhov hnyav thiab ntim ntawm cov laug cam, kab teeb lossis cov ntawv ntsuas ntsuas txiav txim siab tus nqi ntawm kev xa khoom - nrog rau qhov nrug ntawm cov neeg siv khoom los ntawm lub tsev rau khoom ze tshaj plaws uas qhov kev xaj tau muab tso rau. Hloov pauv mus rau ntau qhov ntau ntawm cov ntoo txiav txim siab qhov kev thauj twg yog siv rau kev xa khoom: tsheb thauj khoom (nrog lub tsheb thauj khoom) lossis tsheb ciav hlau.
Driftwood - Cov . ntoo poob los ntawm cua daj cua dub los yog dej nyab; thiab cov khib nyiab nqa los ntawm cov dej los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm ntuj los yog tib neeg kev ua ub no. Qhov hnyav tshwj xeeb ntawm driftwood yog tib yam - 920 … 970 kg / m3 . Nws tsis yog nyob ntawm hom ntoo. Cov dej noo ntawm cov ntoo driftwood nce mus txog 75% - los ntawm nquag, sib txuas tas li nrog dej.
Lub cork muaj qhov hnyav qis tshaj plaws. Cork ntoo (ntau qhov tseeb, nws cov tawv ntoo) muaj qhov porosity siab tshaj plaws ntawm txhua cov ntaub ntawv ntoo. Tus qauv ntawm lub cork yog xws li cov khoom siv no tau ntim nrog ntau qhov khoob me me - hauv kev sib xws thiab cov qauv, nws mus rau daim txhuam cev, tab sis khaws cov qauv zoo dua. Kev ywj pheej ntawm lub cork yog qhov pom tau zoo dua li ntawm lwm yam khoom siv ntoo ntawm hom uas pom thiab muag tshaj plaws.
Ib qho piv txwv yog champagne fwj cork. Qhov ntim sau ntawm cov khoom siv, sib npaug rau 1 m3, hnyav 140-240 kg, nyob ntawm qhov av noo.
Yuav ua li cas hnyav sawdust?
Cov kev cai GOST tsis siv rau sawdust . Qhov tseeb yog tias qhov hnyav ntawm cov ntoo, tshwj xeeb yog sawdust, nyob ntawm ntau ntawm lawv cov feem (qhov loj me me). Tab sis qhov kev cia siab ntawm lawv qhov hnyav ntawm cov av noo tsis hloov pauv raws li lub xeev cov khoom siv ntoo: (un) ua tiav cov ntoo, txua ntoo pov tseg los ntawm lub tshuab txiav ntoo, thiab lwm yam. ntawm sawdust.
Xaus
Muaj kev suav qhov hnyav ntawm ib pawg ntawm cov ntoo tshwj xeeb, tus neeg xa khoom yuav saib xyuas nws sai sai. Cov neeg siv khoom tau them nyiaj mloog rau hom thiab hom, xwm txheej ntawm ntoo, nws qhov hnyav thiab ntim txawm tias nyob rau theem ntawm kev xaj khoom.
Pom zoo:
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