Conifers: Cov Ntoo Twg Yog Lawv? GOST Thiab Ntoo. Lawv Muaj Cov Khoom Dab Tsi? Lawv Qhov Sib Txawv Ntawm Cov Ntoo Tawv

2024 Tus sau: Beatrice Philips | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-18 12:13

Ua tsaug rau nws cov peev txheej hav zoov nplua nuj, Russia tau siv ntoo ntev. Cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig tshaj plaws rau kev tsim nkoj, rau kev rhuav tshem ntawm lub tsev qub, cov rooj tog thiab khoom siv hauv tsev feem ntau dhau los ua ntoo ntoo. Thiab niaj hnub no cov khoom siv raw no yog ib qho ntawm txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam ntoo sawn.

Nta thiab cov khoom

Nta thiab cov yam ntxwv zoo ntawm ntoo feem ntau txiav txim siab nws cov qauv.

Cia peb kawm tus qauv ntawm lub cev, nws suav nrog:

• nuclei - qhov chaw nruab nrab;
• sapwood - ib feem ntawm ib sab, dag hauv qab txheej ntawm txheej sab hauv thiab sab hauv.

Xav txog qhov ntoo khaub lig-seem ntawm tsob ntoo, koj tuaj yeem pom tias hauv qee hom tsiaj xim ntawm nws saum npoo yuav zoo ib yam, thaum nyob rau lwm qhov muaj cov xim tsaus nti sawv. Nyob ntawm qhov no, muaj kev faib ua:

• suab hom xws li ntoo thuv, ntoo cedar, larch, yew, cypress, juniper;
• siav - cov no suav nrog fir thiab spruce.

Evolutionarily, conifers tau tshwm sim ua ntej, yog li ntawd, tsis zoo li cov txiav txim siab, lawv cov qauv ntawm lub cev zoo li yooj yim dua thiab zoo ib yam thiab muaj cov cell ntawm qee yam

• Parenchyma - cov cell uas khaws cov as -ham. Lawv nyob hauv lub pith rays thiab kab cov kab uas hla. Lawv cov nyiaj tsawg (txog 5%) yog vim qhov tseeb tias feem coob ntawm cov zaub mov muaj txiaj ntsig nyob hauv koob. Qhov kev zam yog larch parenchyma, lawv tus lej yog siab dua, kwv yees li 10% ntawm cov nqaij mos.
• Tracheids - lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv (ntau dua 90% ntawm tag nrho cov ntim). Teem nyob rau hauv kab radial, lawv zoo li cov fibers ntev nrog cov phab ntsa lignified. Tracheids nyob tsuas muaj nyob hauv txheej txheej tshiab txhua xyoo thiab maj mam tuag. Tracheids thaum ntxov muaj kab noj hniav dav thiab ua dej noo. Cov tuaj lig yog nqaim, nrog cov phab ntsa tuab, thiab muaj lub tshuab ua haujlwm.

Cov fibers ntev ntawm cov ntaub softwood zoo dua cov tawv ntoo rau kev tsim cov ntawv zoo thiab duab los qhia. Cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov ntoo ntawm ntau lub conifers yog cov kab hla - kab rov tav thiab ntsug nyias txoj kab uas muaj cov yas.

Qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog ntoo thuv thiab Siberian ntoo cedar. Lawv noj tsawg dua ntawm lawv, tab sis juniper thiab fir tsis muaj lawv hlo li.

Qhov nruab nrab, ntoo coniferous sawn tau txiav txim siab sib zog dua li cov ntoo tawv. Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias thaum lub tshuab ua kom qhuav, cov khoom siv coniferous poob nws qhov hnyav ib cubic meter los ntawm yuav luag ib nrab. Qhov nqus tshwj xeeb ntawm lub voos xwmfab ntawm cov ntoo thuv tshiab txiav yog 910 kg, thiab 1 m3 ntawm cov ntoo thuv qhuav yog 470 kg.

Yog li, vim yog tus yam ntxwv thiab lub cev yam ntxwv ntawm conifers, qhov zoo hauv qab no tuaj yeem ua qhov txawv:

• kav ntev;
• qis hygroscopicity;
• siab tiv taus kab mob thiab kab tsuag puas;
• lub zog;
• ua tau yooj yim;
• Cov kab ncaj ncaj ua rau muaj qhov tsis xws luag thiab txhim kho cov ntoo kom zoo.

Dab tsi yog breeds yog conifers?

Txhua hom ntoo uas twb muaj lawm tuaj yeem faib ua ob peb pawg raws li tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntoo.

Kev faib tawm ntawm hom ntoo:

• conifers;
• tawv ntoo;
• ntoo ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo;
• ntoo tsawg (loj hlob hauv Africa, hav zoov hav zoov ntawm South thiab Central America, Asia, Caribbean Islands).

Conifers yog cov tsiaj yug ntawm qhov kev txiav txim gymnosperms nrog hloov nplooj: koob-zoo li tus los yog khawb. Lawv yog cov feem ntau evergreens. Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, cov ntoo no feem ntau loj hlob tsis yog ib leeg, tab sis nyob hauv ib pab pawg, hauv hav zoov.

Cov subclass ntawm conifers muaj 5 tsev neeg thiab muaj cov npe loj ntawm cov nroj tsuag:

• araucaria (agathis, araucaria, wollemia, cowrie);
• podocarp (ceg carp los yog loj-leaved podocarp);
• yog (txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog);
• cypress (cypress, juniper, thuja);
• ntoo thuv.

Kev lag luam ntoo hauv tsev siv ntoo ntawm 5 conifers, uas yog ib feem ntawm tsev neeg "ntoo thuv":

• ntoo thuv;
• noj;
• tsob ntoo;
• larch;
• Siberian ntoo cedar.

Ntoo thuv

Ib ntawm ntau hom tsiaj thoob plaws tebchaws Russia, ntoo thuv hav zoov nyob txog 14% ntawm tag nrho cov hav zoov loj. Pine ntoo muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:

• tsawg ntom 520 kg / m3
• lub zog siab (thaum sib zog ua raws cov fibers, qhov ntsuas yog 440 g / cm2);
• cov ntsiab lus siab cob;
• kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg;
• yooj yim ntawm kev ua;
• monotonous qauv;
• kev ntxhib los mos zoo nkauj;
• tsis kam ua kom tawg.

Spruce

Cov tsiaj tau siav, tsis muaj ntoo, muaj qhov txawv los ntawm nws cov yas thiab qib zoo ntawm lub zog, tab sis qis dua ntoo thuv hauv qhov ntsuas no - 80 N / mm2. Nws muaj qhov nruab nrab tiv thaiv kom lwj, vim tias nws cov ntsiab lus cov kua qis dua li cov ntoo thuv . Vim tias qhov ntom ntom qis, nws yuav tsum tau kho nrog cov sib txuas los ntawm kev lwj. Spruce yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm ntau tus pob txha. Nws tshwm sim ntau zaus: ntau dua 30% ntawm taiga hav zoov yog tsob ntoo.

Larch

Tsuas yog hom coniferous uas, zoo li hom ntoo txiav, tso nws cov mos mos ntsuab ci thiab muaj sia nyob rau lub caij ntuj no nrog cov ceg ntoo liab qab. Nrog lub caij nplooj zeeg tuaj txog, nws cov koob ua kub thiab poob tawm. Tus tsiaj txias-tiv no tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov kub tsis txias thiab loj hlob txawm tias dhau ntawm Arctic Circle. Larch muaj cov ntoo ruaj khov tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntoo ntoo, nws txwv yog 105 N / mm2. Ua kom muaj qhov ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom tuaj, tuaj yeem ua kom muaj zog thiab ua kom tawv, qhov hnyav tshwj xeeb ua rau tsim cov teeb meem hauv kev ua. Moody ntoo warps thiab tawg yooj yim yog tias qhuav tsis zoo. Chipping yog ib qho yooj yim thaum npaj. Lwm yam ntxwv:

• qis knotty;
• cov ntsiab lus siab (hauv Daurian ntau yam ntawm larch txog 22%);
• nce biostability;
• tsawg thermal conductivity;
• tiv taus ya raws.

Cedar

Qhov muaj nqis Siberian ntoo cedar muaj cov khoom zoo:

• qhov ntsuas qhov ceev - nruab nrab, 320-550 kg / m3 (tsawg dua li cov ntoo thuv);
• cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm phytoncides thiab cob ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm rotting thiab kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kab tsuag;
• tsawg thermal conductivity;
• kev sib cais tsis kam;
• ntoo yog mos thiab hnyav, yooj yim rau txheej txheem.

Nws nyob ntawm Siberian ntoo cedar uas paub cov ntoo cedar cones thiab lawv cov noob qab tuaj. Tab sis hauv Himalayan, Atlas, Lebanese cedar cov noob tsis tuaj yeem siv, npog nrog cov roj pleev.

Fir

Cov tsiaj muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:

• softness ntawm ntoo;
• elasticity thiab lub cev hnyav;
• tsis muaj cov kab ntawv hla thiab hnab ris;
• cov av noo siab;
• tsis muaj peev xwm tuav lub khawm nrawm (25% qis dua ntoo thuv).

Daim ntawv thov

Ntoo Pine yog tus yeej ntawm qhov muaj koob npe ntawm nws daim ntawv thov hauv kev tsim kho, kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv, tsim rooj tog. Nws yog siv rau cov laj thawj hauv qab no:

• txhim kho cov khoom nqa ntawm cov tsev nyob thiab cov tsev siv hluav taws xob, hauv pem teb, thav duab, rafters thiab pawg, scaffolding;
• kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv ntawm phab ntsa thiab hauv pem teb (hauv ob sab phlu, board, plywood, chipboards);
• tsim cov rooj tog zaum;
• cov ntaub ntawv raw rau kev lag luam pulp thiab ntawv;
• cob yog siv hauv kev lag luam tshuaj rau kev tsim cov turpentine, rosin;
• cov roj yam tseem ceeb yog siv hauv perfumery thiab kws tshuaj;
• niaj hnub tsim nkoj - lawj lawj, sab hauv planking, masts.

Spruce tau siv dav. Lawv ua los ntawm nws:

• ntoo, ntoo, plywood;
• skirting boards, platbands;
• rooj tog;
• txoj hlua seev suab paj nruas, qhov no yog vim muaj kev ywj pheej siab (nws yog los ntawm spruce uas saum cov nto moo Stradivari, Guarneri thiab Amati violins tau tsim);
• qab zib.

Larch, nplua nuj nrog cov tshuaj ntxhia, tau pom zoo rau kev tsim cov pawg thiab cov neeg tsaug zog vim nws tiv taus cov dej noo thiab lub zog, nws nquag siv hauv kev tsim nkoj thiab hauv cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob. Qhov kev xaiv zoo yuav yog xaiv larch rau ua kom tiav lub pas dej lossis da dej. Larch parquet tau ua haujlwm tau ntau xyoo (piv txwv ntawm qhov no yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws khaws cia hauv pem teb npog ntawm Ostankino Palace ntawm Suav Sheremetyev). Nyuam qhuav pib (txog rau xyoo pua puv 19) larch tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo heev thiab tsis muag rau cov tib neeg. Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raw tau xa mus rau kev tsim nkoj, thiab yog tias nws yog kev tsim kho, tom qab ntawd tsuas yog rau cov tsev xaiv (Lub caij ntuj no Palace, Moscow Kremlin, St. Basil's Cathedral).

Siberian ntoo cedar muaj cov ntoo liab liab nrog cov xim zoo nkauj heev . Hais txog kev tiv thaiv kom lwj, nws hla spruce thiab fir. Kev tsim cov khoom ua si, rooj tog zaum, hauv ob sab phlu thiab cov plag tsev los ntawm cov khoom siv no nrov heev (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau chav da dej thiab saunas). Cov khoom siv raw ntau yog siv los ua cov xaum. Nws kuj tseem siv los ua salting tub, hauv siab thiab tso lub hauv siab. Phyto-chim yog qhov xav tau zoo-tshwj xeeb cedar mini-saunas. Fir ntoo yog txheej txheem yooj yim, hnyav me ntsis, tsis muaj ntxhiab tsw, yog li nws yooj yim siv nws rau kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau lub ntim rau cov khoom lag luam khoom noj khoom haus: thawv, thawv, thawv. Lawv kuj ua lub qhov rai thiab qhov rooj thav duab, lub hauv paus ntawm nws. Ib qho ntawm thaj chaw tseem ceeb ntawm daim ntawv thov yog kev lag luam pulp thiab ntawv.

Cov ntoo thiab tsob ntoo cypress tau ntev tau siv rau kev tsim cov tais diav hauv tsev teev ntuj, cov duab cim . Muaj zog, rotting, yuav luag tsis o o thaum ntub, ntoo juniper feem ntau dhau los ua raw khoom rau ntau yam khoom siv tes ua thiab tais diav. Thiab ua ntej, cov ntoo tau tsim los ntawm cov tsiaj no (piv txwv li, hauv Venice), siv hauv kev tsim nkoj.

Cov ntoo ntoo tseem tau maj mam poob nws qhov kev faib khoom raws li cov khoom siv hauv tsev thiab pom tsuas yog hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov veneer, nws tau siv hauv txuj ci thiab khoom siv tes ua thiab tsim cov twj paj nruas.

Raws li txoj hauv kev ua tiav, txhua cov ntoo tau muab faib ua:

• ntug;
• tsis txwv;
• ib leeg-sab ntug.

Ntoo coniferous blanks yog:

• sawn;
• nplaum;
• calibrated (qhuav thiab sawn rau qhov muab me me GOST).

Hauv qhov tsos thiab qhov loj me, lawv tau muab faib ua:

• pawg thawj coj saib;
• bar;
• nyias;
• tuab.

Kev faib tawm ntawm cov ntoo txiav los ntawm qib - cov khoom sib txawv raug ntsuas raws li GOSTs pom zoo. GOST 24454-80 thiab GOST 8486-86 tswj hwm qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau cov ntoo thiab cov ntoo uas tsis muaj ntoo thiab ua kom pom cov yam hauv qab no:

• ntoo thiab bar;
• pawg thawj coj saib;
• pw tsaug zog;
• lag luam;
• tus kauv;
• daim ntawv sib npaug;
• glued laminated ntoo;
• thaiv tsev.

Rau kev tiv thaiv mus sij hawm ntev thiab ua kom zoo nkauj tiav, ntoo tuaj yeem pleev xim nrog tshuaj pleev xim. Txij li cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov conifers feem ntau yog cov kab uas muaj cov yas, nws yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum tshem tawm cov khoom siv raw ntawm cov tsiaj zoo li no nrog tus neeg sawv cev tshwj xeeb thiab nyiam dua tshuaj dawb. Ntoo deresined yog yooj yim dua thiab pleev xim zoo dua thiab pleev xim rau. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog cov txuj ci acetone lossis sib xyaw ntawm dej qab zib tshauv thiab dej.

Txhua lub cav ntoo softwood yuav tsum tau kho tshwj xeeb nrog cov hluav taws kub nyhiab kom txo nws qhov hluav taws kub.