Cov Koob Yees Duab Soviet (31 Duab): Cov Qauv Qub Tshaj Plaws Ntawm USSR. Cov Npe Ntawm Cov Koob Yees Duab Tsis Tshua Muaj Thiab Kim Tshaj Plaws, Cov Npe Nrov

2024 Tus sau: Beatrice Philips | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-15 04:12

Lub tswv yim tias USSR tsis paub yuav ua dab tsi raug yog qhov yuam kev loj. Hauv tebchaws Soviet, ntau cov khoom lag luam zoo tau tsim, uas feem ntau xa tawm. Ntawm cov khoom lag luam feem ntau yog cov koob yees duab. Txhua hom qauv rau kev yees duab yog kev khib ntawm cov pej xeem txawv teb chaws . Piv txwv li, cov neeg tsav nkoj uas tau mus txawv tebchaws thiab nqa cov cuab yeej yees duab nrog lawv, qhia cov xwm txheej thaum cov neeg txawv tebchaws txaus siab tuaj cuag lawv ntawm ntug dej sab nrauv thiab hais kom muag cov ntawv tshwj xeeb rau txawv teb chaws.

Keeb kwm ntawm qhov tsos

Xyoo tshiab, cov duab tau dhau los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm txhua tus neeg lub neej. Lawv xav tau tsis yog txhawm rau ntes lub sijhawm zoo siab lossis nco qab - pom tawm rau cov tub rog, kab tshoob kev kos, hnub tseem ceeb, koom nrog pawg neeg . Cov duab yuav tsum tau ua thaum thov rau txoj haujlwm, muab daim npav tsav tsheb, daim ntawv hla tebchaws hla mus. Rau qhov saum toj no thiab lwm qhov laj thawj, yuav luag txhua tus muaj lub koob yees duab - cov kws tshaj lij lub koob yees duab, paub zoo tias "xab npum", nrog rau cov cuab yeej uas tau nruab nrog cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no.

Hauv USSR, nyob rau xyoo tom qab ua tsov rog, thaum kev ua tsov rog hauv ntiaj teb tau xaus, tsoomfwv tau pom zoo txog qhov xav tau los tsim cov cuab yeej ntse thiab lub koob yees duab hauv lub tebchaws ib yam . Txawm li cas los xij, cov qauv lag luam loj tau tso tawm ntau xyoo tom qab.

Txawm li cas los xij thawj daim duab hauv tsev tseem tau coj los ntawm P. F. Polyakov xyoo 1925 nrog kev pab ntawm lub koob yees duab sib dhos.

Nws tsuas yog xyoo 1929 uas lub koob yees duab Soviet pib tsim los ua ib pawg. Tab sis lo lus nug ntawm dab tsi tus qauv yuav tsum tau nthuav dav tham ntawm thawj lub rooj sib tham ntawm cov cuab yeej yees duab, uas tau tshwm sim hauv Moscow. Muaj kev hu xov tooj los ntawm cov neeg tawm tswv yim kom pib tsim cov cuab yeej yees duab yooj yim thiab pheej yig . Cov ntawv xov xwm "Soviet Photo" kuj tau tshaj tawm cov kev xav ntawm cov neeg nyeem ntawm lub ncauj lus ntawm lub koob yees duab loj. Cov kev xav tau yooj yim zoo ib yam: los npaj kev sib dhos ntawm cov khoom siv yooj yim, pheej yig thiab quav tau ntau.

Ua ntej pib tsim khoom loj, cov cuab yeej tau tsim los ntawm Moscow artel me me . Tsentrsoyuz ua tus neeg siv khoom thiab tus tuav nyiaj txiag. Vim tias tsis muaj tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom thiab cov khoom siv, nws tsis muaj peev xwm teeb tsa kev tsim khoom loj ntawm cov cuab yeej siv yees duab, txawm li cas los xij, kev tsim cov ntawv luam tawm hauv cov lej tsawg tsawg txawm li cas los xij. Tsis ntev lub koob yees duab "Fototrud" ntawm nws tus kheej tsim khoom (tom qab hu ua "Arfo") tau tshwm sim hauv Soviet Union.

Peculiarities

Cov koob yees duab tau pib tsim tawm hauv xyoo 1929, thaum lub tshuab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob nyob hauv Kaluga tau txais lub xeev xaj, thiab lub tuam txhab pib tsim thawj lub koob yees duab hauv tsev nrog lub npe laconic "Photocor 1". Soviet engineers, tsis muaj ado ntxiv, coj los ua lub hauv paus ntawm lawv cov neeg ua haujlwm German - Zeiss Ikon cov cuab yeej . Kev tsim kho tshiab tau nruab nrog Tessar lens thiab Compour shutter nrog kaw qhov nrawm ntawm 1-1/200 thiab D thiab B. hom., nrog T thiab B hom. 15,000 daim ntawv tau ua.

Cov koob yees duab nruab nrog lub qhov rooj kaw hauv tsev tau txais kev tshuaj xyuas zoo . Kev tsim tawm tau pib xyoo 1932 ntawm Leningrad cog. Cov khoom lag luam tau tsim nrog kaw nrawm ntawm 1/100, 1/50, 1/25 thiab ua haujlwm hauv D thiab B.

Feem ntau, kev hloov kho tus qauv tau dhau los ua qhov ua tau zoo thiab yog qhov ua tiav tiag tiag rau nws lub sijhawm.

Kev txhim kho ntawm "FT-2" tuaj yeem hu ua lub koob yees duab Soviet tag . Cov cuab yeej tau nruab nrog GOMZ qhov kaw, lub iav Periscope, qhov ntsuas tau yog 1: 12/150. Lub koob yees duab yees duab tau ua kom pib ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj. Kev muag khoom ntau dua 1,000,000 daim.

Xyoo 1934, kev sib dhos ntawm FED lub koob yees duab tshiab tau pib hauv Kharkov zej zog . Lawv yog theej ntawm German Leica 2 lub koob yees duab, thiab nyob rau lub sijhawm txij xyoo 1937 txog 1977, tau tsim 18 qhov kev hloov pauv sib txawv.

Lub sijhawm ua ntej tsov rog

Txog thaum xyoo 1941, ntau lub koob yees duab tau tsim. Txhua yam ntawm lawv tau tsim los ntawm cov tuam txhab lag luam. Cov npe nrov tshaj plaws ntawm cov cuab yeej tsim tawm hauv 30s yog "Pioneer", "FAG", "Sport", "Baby", "Smena", ntxiv rau "Cyclokamera", "Yura ". Cov qauv nrov tshaj plaws tuaj yeem raug hu ua "FED" lub koob yees duab. Ua qauv ua ntej tsis tshua muaj tsov rog, cov koob yees duab qub tuaj yeem pom los ntawm cov neeg sau khoom.

Hauv cov xyoo ntawd, cov koob yees duab zoo li no tau tsim ntau thiab tau nruab nrog "Industar" thiab "FED" thiab lwm qhov uas muaj qhov sib txawv diaphragm.

Nws nyuaj rau tawm ib lub koob yees duab zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov qauv siv nyiaj. Hauv 30s, ntau tus qauv zoo sib xws tau tsim, piv txwv li, cov cuab yeej tsim los ntawm tus kws kho qhov muag nto moo A. O. Gelgar tau koom nrog . Xyoo 1935, lub koob yees duab Helveta tau tso tawm. Tom qab lub sijhawm luv luv, nws tau los ua lub npe hu ua "Sport". Txhua tus qauv tau nruab nrog 24x36 lub lens/thav duab, qhov kaw qhov chaw uas cov kab hlau rhuav ntsug txav mus, thiab kaw qhov ceev ntawm 1/500, 1/200.

Lub nraub qaum tau raug tshem tawm txhawm rau txhim kho cov kab xev tshwj xeeb, thiab cov neeg kho tshuab, tsim los ua haujlwm nrog zaj duab xis, ua haujlwm tsuas yog hauv ib qho kev taw qhia. Cov qauv qub ntawm cov cuab yeej no tsis tshua muaj neeg pom, vim tias tag nrho muaj txog 2000 lub koob yees duab zoo li no . Yog li ntawd, hnub no lawv nyob ntawm cov koob yees duab uas kim tshaj plaws.

Nrog rau cov cuab yeej nrov tsim los rau cov neeg siv khoom loj, kev sim ua tiav tau tsim los tsim lub koob yees duab zoo . Cov koob yees duab zoo nrog cov yam ntxwv zoo tau xav tau, ua ntej tshaj plaws, rau cov neeg tshaj xov xwm npog lub neej ntawm lub xeev cov tub ntxhais hluas ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg ua teb. Yog li ntawd, thaum lub Cuaj Hlis xyoo 1937, thawj qhov piv txwv ntawm lub koob yees duab hloov pauv "Reporter" tau tsim ntawm Leningrad cog.

Nws muaj peev xwm yees duab nrog lub koob yees duab tshiab tsuas yog siv daim phiaj tshwj xeeb ntawm 6, 5x9 hom lossis cov menyuam, ua cov yeeb yaj kiab ua ntej 1939. Lub tswv yim tsim nyog tau txiav txim siab ua tiav, vim tias tom qab kev ua tsov rog kawg, Mamiya Press lub koob yees duab tsim tawm hauv Nyij Pooj, qauv 1962, zoo ib yam li Lub Koob Yees Duab Tshaj Tawm.

Txawm li cas los xij, thawj tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov cuab yeej siv yees duab tuaj yeem hu ua "Tus Neeg Ncig Tebchaws" tus qauv, tso tawm uas pib xyoo 1936, uas yog, ib xyoos ua ntej.

Cov lus dab neeg "Tus Tshaj Tawm" rau lub sijhawm ntawd yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev yees duab . Tus qauv tau nruab nrog lub iav Industar 7, kaw nrog kab hlau rhuav thiab kaw qhov ceev ntawm 1 / 5-1 / 1000 vib nas this. Nws ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv ob hom D thiab V thiab tau nruab nrog lub qhov muag pom (folding version). Txhawm rau kho qhov ua kom pom tseeb, tau siv lub ntsuas qhov deb lossis qhov ntsuas qhov deb. Hauv cov xyoo ntawd, tsis tau ntsuas lub koob yees duab, tab sis yog tias nws muaj, nws yog "Tus Tshaj Tawm" uas yuav tsim nyog yeej thawj qhov chaw ntawm lwm qhov kev hloov kho.

Kev tshuaj xyuas lub koob yees duab ua ntej tsov rog tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv nrog cov npe ntawm cov neeg nyiam ua qauv uas tau npaj rau cov kws yees duab tshiab. Cov no yog cov khoom siv lub thawv ntawv. Cov qauv phaj tau tsim nyog rau lawv tus nqi qis thiab muaj rau txhua tus neeg pej xeem Soviet. Qhov kev hloov kho nto moo tshaj plaws thiab nrov tshaj plaws yog "Tub Kawm Ntawv", "Cov Ntaub Ntawv", "Cov Kws Yees Duab Hluas ".

Kev tsim cov koob yees duab hauv 30s txawv me ntsis los ntawm kev tsim ntawm 80s hais txog kev tsim lub rooj cob qhia rau kev tsim khoom ntawm cov neeg siv khoom raws li kev tiv thaiv cog . Ua raws li qhov kev sib txuas yog qhov tseem ceeb, uas yog mob taub hau tiag tiag rau ntau tus thawj coj ntawm cov tuam txhab thiab ib nrab tiv thaiv kev tsim cov cuab yeej yees duab zoo nrog cov iav zoo thiab lwm yam yam ntxwv.

Ua ntej Great Patriotic War, tag nrho cov qauv ntawm cov qauv tau ntau dua ob lub kaum os . Qhov muag tshaj plaws yog FED thiab Photocor kev hloov kho.

Thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, kev tsim cov cuab yeej siv yees duab tau raug txiav tawm, thiab tom qab kev kov yeej cov tub rog ntawm lub tebchaws Yelemes, theem tom ntej hauv kev txhim kho kev tsim cov koob yees duab hauv tsev tau pib.

Hom nrov thiab qauv

Ua ntej tsov rog thiab tom qab nws xaus, coob tus qauv sib txawv ntawm cov koob yees duab tau tsim. Nws ua rau kev nkag siab teev cov koob yees duab qub thiab cov npe ntawm kev hloov pauv nrov ntawm 50s, 80s, ntxiv rau qee yam yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb. Koj tuaj yeem pib koj qhov kev tshuaj xyuas nrog thawj qhov piv txwv.

Cov khoom lag luam ntawm Moscow artel "Photo-Trud" "EFTE" ("ARFO") yog qhov qub tshaj plaws thiab tsis tshua muaj . Folding version ntawm phaj qauv. Khoom siv - lub qhov rooj kaw, qhov loj me me - 9x12 cm.

Legendary "FED ". Xws li cov cuab yeej siv dav dav tau nruab nrog lub tshuab kaw (kaw), hloov pauv tau lub lens thiab yog daim qauv ntawm lub koob yees duab German. Cov qauv tsis tshua muaj tseem khaws los ntawm cov neeg sau khoom.

Smena lub koob yees duab . Ua los ntawm 1939 txog 1941. Nruab nrog lub qhov rooj kaw hauv nruab nrab, 35 hli tsis muaj nyiaj them nqi, thav duab pom, ua haujlwm nrog cov yeeb yaj kiab perforated.

Lub koob yees duab hom ntawv nruab nrab "Komsomolets ". Tsim tawm ntawm cov nroj tsuag hauv Leningrad (LOMO) nyob rau lub sijhawm xyoo 1946 txog 1951. Muaj lub hauv paus kaw, tsom iav qhov muag rau kev teeb tsa, pom, tsom mus.

Ntawm cov qauv ua qauv loj, ib tus tuaj yeem tawm ib qho piv txwv ntawm "Horizon " nrog kho qhov muag pom. Nws ua haujlwm nrog 135 zaj duab xis. Lub qhov taub thiab lub lens nyob hauv lub nruas tshwj xeeb.

Lwm lub koob yees duab folding ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd - "Moscow ". Nws ua haujlwm nrog 120 zaj duab xis, muaj lub hauv paus kaw. Feem ntau, lub cuab yeej tau rov ua dua ntawm German qauv tsim ntawm Zeiss Ikon cov chaw tsim khoom.

Lub koob yees duab zoo tshaj plaws, hauv kev xav ntawm ntau tus, yog FED . Los ntawm cov cuab yeej no, Zorkiy tus qauv tau tsim nrog cov kab sib txawv thiab cov duab pom.

Lub koob yees duab "Zenith ". Ib ntawm thawj qhov piv txwv piv txwv, tsim los ntawm 1952 txog 1956. Tus qauv yog tus qauv ntawm thawj "Ntse". Ntau tshaj 39,000 daim ntawv tau tsim.

" Txaus 10 ". Central shutter lub koob yees duab. Ib qho ntawm lub hauv paus tseem ceeb yog lub tshuab ua haujlwm tau nrog lub ntsuas ntsuas pom raws li selenium photocell. Ntawm sab laug yog lub tswb nrov.

Dab neeg "Hloov 8M ". Ua los ntawm 1970 txog 1992. Yooj yim, txhim khu kev qha tsim, "Triplet-43" 4/40 lens. Hauv tag nrho, ntau dua 21,000,000 chav nyob tau tsim.

Nws nyuaj rau xav txog qhov ntsuas ntawm qhov nrov tshaj plaws ua ntej tsov rog thiab tom qab ua tsov rog qauv lub koob yees duab. Hauv txhua qhov kev hloov kho ntawm cov cuab yeej siv yees duab, nws muaj peev xwm siv qee yam kev txhim kho, thiab lawv raug nqi sib txawv. Cov koob yees duab ua ntej ua tsov rog kim tshaj plaws yog Lub Koob Yees Duab Ncig Tebchaws thiab Tshaj Tawm.

Hauv lub sijhawm tom qab ua tsov rog, thaum tsim cov qauv niaj hnub no tau ua tiav, tsis yog cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb, tab sis kuj tseem muaj tus nqi hloov pauv.

Xyoo 1946-1959

Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tsim cov cuab yeej siv tom qab ua tsov rog yog cov qauv zoo sib xws nrog cov koob yees duab ntawm cov qauv coj mus kuaj thiab kev txhim kho ib txhij ntawm ib tus neeg. Cov qauv nrov ntawm cov koob yees duab "Moscow", "Komsomolets" tuaj yeem raug suav ua piv txwv piv txwv.

Peb xyoos tom qab kev kov yeej Nazi Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, txog lub Tsib Hlis 1, kev tsim cov koob yees duab Zorky tau pib. Txog thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo caum plaub, Kiev cov koob yees duab tau tsim tawm ntau (kev tsim khoom pib xyoo 1947). Nyob ib ncig ntawm tib lub sijhawm, kev xa tawm cov khoom siv yees duab tau pib mus txawv tebchaws. Qhov zoo ntawm lub koob yees duab Soviet yog tus nqi qis thiab kev saib xyuas zoo.

Kuj tseem yog lub sijhawm txaus nyiam rau cov neeg yuav khoom txawv teb chaws yog qhov tseeb tias feem ntau ntawm cov qauv siv kho qhov muag tau tsim ntawm cov chaw ua tub rog, thiab tag nrho lub ntiaj teb tau paub txog lub zog loj ntawm Soviet riam phom.