2024 Tus sau: Beatrice Philips | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 05:41
Cov neeg yuav khoom ntawm cov cuab yeej siv yees duab yuav tsum paub txhua yam txog lub koob yees duab matrix. Ob qho kev daws teeb meem thiab qib ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo ntawm lub cuab yeej no yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Kev mloog yuav tsum tau them rau cov khoom lag luam uas tsim cov khoom zoo li no.
Nws yog dab tsi?
Lub koob yees duab sib piv yog zoo ib yam li lub plawv lossis lub hlwb rau lub cev muaj sia, tias lub cav yog rau lub tsheb lossis lub ru tsev hauv tsev. Yog tias nws tsis ua haujlwm lossis ua haujlwm tsis zoo, kev noj qab haus huv ntawm txhua lwm qhov ntawm lub koob yees duab tsis cuam tshuam. Rau koj cov ntaub ntawv: hauv ntau qhov chaw siv lo lus "sensor" lossis "sensor" kuj tseem siv tau . Yog tias nws tsis tau teev tseg yam "sensor" nws yog dab tsi, tom qab ntawd lub ntsiab lus yog txhais tau tias.
Nws nyuaj heev, vim nws yog microcircuit tsim los ntawm photodiodes . Lub teeb siv txiav txim siab qhov kev siv ntawm lub teeb liab hluav taws xob tsim tawm. Qhov tseeb, rau nws txoj kev txhim kho, yuav tsum muaj lub matrix. Thaum nws tawg, raws li nws tau pom meej lawm, txhua lub koob yees duab tsis siv hlau, yas thiab iav. Kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg mus rau hauv lub teeb liab digital tau ua tiav siv lub cuab yeej tshwj xeeb; nws yog tog twg los nyob rau hauv cov lej, lossis nws nyob sib cais.
Lub teeb hloov pauv mus rau hauv cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb raws tu qauv. Muaj ib pixel ntawm cov duab ib LED. Txhawm rau ua kom pom cov duab xim, cov lim tshwj xeeb "pab" qhov tseem ceeb ntawm matrix . Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm optics, matrix yog qhov sib piv ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab siv hauv cov koob yees duab qub. Tsuas yog cov txheej txheem sab hauv lub cev sib txawv thiab tsis muaj kev hloov tshuaj, thiab ua haujlwm nrog lub teeb zoo ib yam.
Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm lub ntsuas cua yog qhov hu ua tus yam ntxwv nkhaus, uas cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev yees duab latitude . Kab no yog kos nruab nrab ntawm cov ntsiab lus huab ntawm qhov raug qhov raug. Thaum koj mus dhau cov kev txwv no, txoj kab nkhaus ntawm kab yuav khoov. Hauv cov duab, qhov no tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev poob qis hauv qhov sib piv. Hauv kev yees duab digital, kev txwv ntxiv raug txwv los ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm analog-rau-digital hloov pauv.
Hom kev txheeb xyuas
Nrog tus paub zoo txog kev lag luam ntawm cov cuab yeej siv yees duab, nws yooj yim pom tias nws tau nruab nrog ntau hom kev kawm tiav.
Los ntawm kev siv tshuab
CCD - feem ntau CCD hauv cov lus hauv Lavxias - txhais tau tias nyeem txuas ntxiv mus. Pom tseeb, hauv qhov no, muaj qhov txwv hnyav ntawm kev nrawm ntawm kev yees duab. Koj yuav tsum tau tos qee lub sijhawm thaum cov duab dhau los tab tom tsim. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm CMOS (CMOS) hauv qhov kev hwm no zoo dua, xws li cov qib kawm tau ntxim nyiam dua thaum siv autofocus.
Nws yog CMOS uas lawv tau sim siv los ntsuas qhov ntsuas . Tab sis txawm tias cov kws yees duab zoo tshaj plaws yuav yuav tsuas yog ua qauv raws CMOS. Ntxiv rau cov duab zoo, lawv khav theeb tus nqi pheej yig thiab txo roj teeb lub neej thaum thaij duab. Qee zaum muaj cov lej ntawm peb txheej, feem ntau txhua tus ntawm lawv tau siv CCD thev naus laus zis. Kev tsim lag luam - 3CCD; cov cuab yeej siv nrog cov ntim no yog npaj rau kev ua yeeb yaj kiab.
Panasonic cov cuab yeej siv cov txheej txheem Live-MOS. Txoj kev no txawv ntawm ib txwm siv tshuab MOS hauv qhov uas muaj kev sib txuas tsawg dua ib pixel . Qhov no pab txo kev ntxhov siab. Xws li kev daws teeb meem, ua ke nrog kev hloov pauv yooj yim ntawm kev sau npe thiab tswj cov cim, lav qhov tau txais ntawm "nyob" thav ntawv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev ua kom sov dhau thiab ua rau muaj suab nrov ntau ntxiv raug suav nrog.
Fujifilm siv hom tshwj xeeb ntawm matrix . Lawv hu ua Super CCDs. Cov zaub ntsuab loj tau muab rau lub teeb qis. Cov pixels me me ntsuab yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov xim xiav thiab liab.
Qhov kev daws teeb meem no tso cai ua kom dav dav ntawm daim duab.
Nyob ntawm lub lim
Tab sis kev sib piv ntawm matrices kuj ua tau los ntawm hom lim uas siv. Dichroic prisms tau siv hauv peb-matrix systems. Sab hauv xws li prisms, lub teeb ci yuav muab faib ua 3 lub ntsiab xim. Tom qab ntawd cov dej ntsuab, liab thiab xiav tau hais qhia rau cov lej sib xws. Cov yam ntxwv:
- kev pom zoo ntawm kev hloov xim;
- qhov ploj ntawm cov xim moire;
- txo qis suab nrov;
- nce kev daws teeb meem;
- qhov ua tau ntawm kev kho xim ua ntej ua cov lej, thiab tsis yog tom qab nws;
- nce qhov ntau thiab tsawg;
- tsis sib xws nrog lo ntsiab muag nrog qhov flange me me;
- qhov nyuaj ntawm kev sib txuam xim, uas tsuas yog ua tiav nrog kev ua tib zoo saib xyuas.
Lwm qhov kev xaiv yog cov kab lim dej mosaic . Lub npe hais lus rau nws tus kheej: cov pixels nyob hauv ib lub dav hlau, thiab txhua tus nyob hauv nws "tus kheej" lub teeb lim. Yog tias cov ntaub ntawv hais txog xim tsis txaus, cov txheej txheem sib tham hauv digital tuaj pab. Kev nce ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo yog ua tiav los ntawm kev ua kom tsis zoo ntawm cov xim ua kom zoo thiab ua lwm yam. Yav dhau los, xaiv RGGB tau siv.
Thiab tseem paub cov tswv yim:
- RGEB;
- RGBW;
- CGMY.
Kuj tseem muaj thev naus laus zis kom tau txais cov ntawv kawm tiav nrog cov xim thav duab cov ntsiab lus. Txoj hauv kev, tsim los ntawm Foveon, cuam tshuam nrog tso lub ntsuas hluav taws xob hauv peb txheej. Nikon tau ua lwm txoj hauv kev. Hauv nws txoj kev txhim kho, peb lub teeb ci tseem ceeb tau ua tiav siv microlens thiab peb lub photodiodes, thiab tom qab ntawd los ntawm txhua lub pixel tau pub rau cov iav dichroic. Twb tau cov tsom iav no hloov lub teeb ci mus rau lub ntsuas; Txawm hais tias muaj qhov nyuaj nyob hauv, nws yog qhov txaus nyiam ua yam tsis muaj kev sib dhos zoo.
Qhov ntev (kho)
Qhov loj ntawm lub koob yees duab matrices tau qhia hauv lub rooj (siv cov piv txwv ntawm cov qauv nrov).
| Npe | Ib hom | Qhov taw qhia kmop | Pixel, ib | Matrix loj, cm |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cov Kodak 1D | Ccd | 1, 3 | 11, 6 | 2, 87x1, ib |
| Canon 1Ds Mark II | CMOS | 1 | 7, 2 | 3, 6x4, ib |
| Canon EOS 1D Mark IV | CMOS | 1, 3 | 5, 7 | 2, 79x1, ib |
| Nikon D2 H. | JFET | 1, 5 | 9, 6 | 2, 37x1, 55 ib |
| Sony A 100/200/230/300/330 | Ccd | 1, 5 | 6, 1 | 2, 36x1, 58 ua |
| Olympus E-M5 | NMOS | 2 | 3, 7 | 1, 73x ib |
Tsis txhob yuam kev lub hom phiaj ntawm lub matrix nrog nws qhov kev daws teeb meem kho qhov muag. Tej zaum nws yuav yog ob qho tib si loj sensors nrog qhov tsis tshua meej, thiab zoo heev me me qhov muag pom lub teeb. Tab sis Nyob rau tag nrho, qhov tsis tu ncua tuaj yeem taug qab: cov lej loj feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog ob qhov kev nkag siab siab thiab cov duab zoo . Yooj yim vim tias nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej no nws yooj yim dua rau siv nws.
Tab sis koj yuav tsum nkag siab qhov ntawd qhov loj ntawm matrix cuam tshuam rau qhov loj thiab qhov hnyav ntawm lub koob yees duab . Tom qab tag nrho, qhov loj ntawm qhov system kho qhov muag ntawm lub koob yees duab tag nrho yog nyob ntawm cov khoom siv no. Tab sis qhov ntev ntawm txoj kab ntawm cov ntawv kawm yog cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov suab nrov. Yog tias qhov loj ntawm lub teeb txais tau nce, tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kho qhov muag tau nce. Tswj kom ci cov duab thiab saturate nws nrog lub suab nrov ntuj.
Cov koob yees duab luv nqi feem ntau siv cov ntsuas ntsuas uas yog kwv yees li 2/3 . Tab sis cov ntsuas nrog qhov loj me ntawm 1 nti tau siv feem ntau hauv cov koob yees duab puv ntoob. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau xyoo tsis ntev los no, kev txo tus nqi ntawm kev tsim lub teeb pom kev loj tau hloov me ntsis daim duab no. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb los txiav txim siab, txawm li cas los xij, kuj yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm pixel loj. Qhov loj dua lawv yog, tuab dua cov rwb thaiv tsev ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob faib thiab qis dua qhov xau tam sim no.
Megapixel suav thiab daws teeb meem
Cov ntsuas no paub tseeb tias yuav tshwm sim ob qho hauv kev tshaj tawm thiab hauv kev piav qhia ntawm tus nqi cim npe. Kev daws teeb meem yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum koj npaj yuav luam cov duab ntawm daim ntawv lossis saib lawv hauv TV, ntawm lub khoos phis tawj loj . Tab sis rau cov duab nrog qhov loj me ntawm 10x15 cm, koj tuaj yeem ua nrog 3 megapixels. Thiab cov TV tshaj plaws tseem tsis tau qhia ntau dua 2 lab pixels. Tias yog vim li cas nws yuav tsis tuaj yeem txaus siab tiag tiag rau qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov duab siab, nws yog qhov kev lag luam gimmick.
Nyob qhov twg ntau pixels tshaj tawm, qhov loj dua qhov matrix yuav tsum yog . Kev tsis sib xws ntawm qhov ntsuas no yuav ua rau muaj suab nrov hauv cov duab. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv yuav raug txiav kom dav.
Ua tib zoo saib: nws tsim nyog txiav txim siab qhov kev daws teeb meem tsis yog ntawm tus lej nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog lub lens. Qhov no feem ntau tsis nco qab thiab tom qab ntawd tau txais cov txiaj ntsig coj txawv txawv.
Lub teeb rhiab heev tsis
Cov khoom no tseem ceeb heev thaum tua hauv qhov pom kev qis. Qhov ntau rhiab sensor, cov duab yuav pom tseeb dua. Los ntawm kev tswj hwm ISO, lawv cuam tshuam rau qhov ci ntawm lub thav duab yam tsis rov kho lub qhov taub thiab kaw nrawm. Cov kab hauv qab yog tias lawv nthuav dav cov hluav taws xob tam sim no, thiab tsis nce qhov rhiab heev ntawm cov photocells. Teeb meem - thaum siv qhov loj zoom, suab nrov yuav nce ntxiv.
Kev nce tus nqi ISO tsuas yog tsim nyog hauv cov xwm txheej uas:
- lub keeb kwm yav dhau tsis pom kev txaus;
- flash tsis tuaj yeem siv;
- koj yuav tsum tshem nws tawm ntawm koj txhais tes.
Feem ntau nws lees txais tias:
- ISO ntawm 100-200 yog txaus rau kev tua sab nraum zoov hauv teeb pom kev zoo;
- ISO 400-800 txaus rau chav nrog teeb pom kev zoo;
- ISO 800 txog 1600 xav tau kev yees duab thaum hmo ntuj;
- tus lej tshaj 1600 xav tau tsuas yog rau kev yees duab ntawm kev hais kwv txhiaj thiab cov xwm txheej zoo sib xws.
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws manufacturers
Cov qhab nia ntawm cov tuam txhab tsim cov duab matrices yog laconic heev. Cov npe ntawm cov tuam txhab uas ua qhov no feem ntau me me. Txawm tias ib lub tuam txhab nyiam Nikon , txawm hais tias lub matrix nws tus kheej txhim kho, qhov tseeb tsim tawm tau muab rau lwm lub koom haum. Feem ntau xaj xaj xa mus Sony … Thiab tseem yog lub tuam txhab kev tswj hwm hais tias nws ua xaj los ntawm Fujitsu.
Sony yog ib lub ntiaj teb cov tuam txhab tsim khoom loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov duab ntsuas. Lawv kuj nruab lawv tus kheej lub koob yees duab nyob rau hauv hom khoom no. Tsuas yog Canon outstrips nws hais txog kev tsim cov lej (tsuas yog rau nws tus kheej xav tau). Nws tseem tsim nyog sau cia cov khoom:
- Samsung;
- Panasonic;
- Kodak;
- E2V;
- Aptina;
- Sigma;
- Foveon.
Yuav ua li cas los tshuaj xyuas cov tuag pixels?
Tsis muaj teeb meem nyuaj npaum li cas cov tuam txhab tsim khoom, hmoov av thiab lwm yam, tsuas yog siv txhua hnub yuav tsis cuam tshuam rau tus yam ntxwv ntawm daim ntawv teev npe. Lawv yuav tsum tau tshuaj xyuas rau tawg thiab kub pixels. Kev txheeb xyuas lub koob yees duab DSLR no tau ua tiav raws li hauv qab no:
- tua cov suab nrov;
- qhov rhiab heev ntawm matrix tau teeb tsa yam tsawg kawg lossis tus nqi ze rau nws;
- teeb hom kev nthuav tawm phau ntawv;
- tua autofocus.
Tseem ceeb: tsis muaj ib qho ntsiab lus twg tuaj yeem hla tau. Txwv tsis pub, nws yuav tsis tuaj yeem tau txais ib lub tswv yim tseeb ntawm cov khoom ntawm matrix. Qhov kev ntsuas nws tus kheej suav nrog kev thaij duab yam tsis tshem lub hau npog. Qhov ceev yuav tsum yog 3 ntas 1/3, 1/60 thiab 3 vib nas this txhua. Tom ntej no, cov duab ntes tau pom hauv qhov siab tshaj plaws daws teeb meem, zoo tshaj plaws - los ntawm kev nthuav dav nws ntawm lub computer screen.
Yuav tsum tsis muaj cov xim lossis xim daj nyob hauv daim duab nrog qhov nrawm ntawm 1/3 thib ob. Tau pom tsawg kawg ob peb qhov kev suav nrog, koj yuav tsum paub koj tus kheej nrog cov duab coj los ntawm qhov ceev ntawm 1/60 . Yog tias tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus tsis txaus ntseeg lossis tsawg dua, peb tuaj yeem xav tias thawj theem ntawm kev ntsuas tau ua tiav. Ntawm qhov nrawm tshaj qhov nrawm, txawm tias ua tiav qhov ua tau zoo yuav tsis pom qhov pom 5 lossis 6 xim. Cov no yog cov txheej txheem ntawm lub cev, thiab lawv yuav tsis ua rau daim duab puas tsuaj.
Cov xim me me tuaj yeem tshwm ntawm qhov siab heev . Qhov no kuj yog qhov kub pixels tshwm sim. Tab sis qhov no tau them nyiaj rau yooj yim heev - tsuas yog tig rau lub squelch. Cov dots ntau pom ntawm qhov nruab nrab qhov nrawm thiab ISO qis yog qhov teeb meem. Thaum muaj ntau dua 5 ntawm lawv, koj yuav tsum tso lub koob yees duab tseg thiab pib tshawb xyuas lwm lub koob yees duab, txwv tsis pub cov nyiaj yuav raug pov rau hauv qhov dej.
Pom zoo:
Cov Koob Yees Duab Ua (49 Duab): Lub Koob Yees Duab Yees Duab Twg Xaiv? Nws Yog Dab Tsi Thiab Lawv Yog Dab Tsi? Cov Koob Yees Duab Rau Kev Pib Xyaum Ua Thiab Lwm Yam Qauv, Kev Sib Piv Thiab Tshuaj Xyuas
Cov koob yees duab ua haujlwm thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv: lawv yog dab tsi, lawv siv rau dab tsi? Cov lus pom zoo rau kev siv thiab teeb tsa, cov qauv zoo tshaj plaws. Cov lus qhia txog lub koob yees duab twg los xaiv rau kev dhia dej thiab kev yees duab
Cov Koob Yees Duab (58 Duab): Yuav Xaiv Lub Koob Yees Duab Zoo Li Cas? Nws Yog Dab Tsi? Hom Thiab Hom Zoo Tshaj Plaws, Yam Ntxwv Thiab Ntau Yam Ntawm Cov Koob Yees Duab
Lub koob yees duab yog dab tsi, thiab nws yog hom twg? Yuav xaiv lub koob yees duab zoo li cas? Hom khoom siv yees duab zoo tshaj plaws - leej twg yog cov thawj coj niaj hnub no? Cov koob yees duab twg yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj? Cov lus qhia twg yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov kws yees duab?
Cov Koob Yees Duab Digital (47 Duab): Lawv Yog Dab Tsi? SLR Thiab Lwm Lub Koob Yees Duab. Thaum Twg Thawj Lub Koob Yees Duab Tshwm? Yuav Xaiv Lub Koob Yees Duab Zoo Li Cas?
Cov Koob Yees Duab Digital - Lawv Yog Dab Tsi? Xav txog cov yam ntxwv thiab yam ntxwv ntawm SLR thiab lwm lub koob yees duab. Thaum twg thawj lub koob yees duab tshwm? Lawv faib ntau yam dab tsi? Yuav xaiv tus qauv "koj" li cas?
Microphones Rau Lub Koob Yees Duab (32 Duab): Xaiv Lub Microphone Lub Koob Yees Duab Rau Lub Koob Yees Duab. Wireless "lapels" Rau Lub Koob Yees Duab Yees Duab Thiab Lwm Yam Qauv Rau Kev Yees Duab
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub koob yees duab niaj hnub no yog dab tsi? Xaiv lub on-camera microphone rau lub koob yees duab, wireless, lapels. Koj yuav tsum xyuam xim dab tsi thaum xaiv? Cia peb txheeb xyuas sab saum toj ntawm cov qauv zoo tshaj plaws. Lawv yuav tsum tau teeb tsa thiab txuas nrog li cas?
Cov Koob Yees Duab (52 Daim Duab): Hom Koob Yees Duab Yees Duab, Lub Koob Yees Duab Yees Duab Me Me Nrog Tus Tiv Thaiv Thiab Lwm Yam Qauv. Nws Yog Dab Tsi, Yuav Xaiv Thiab Lawv Ua Haujlwm Li Cas?
Cov koob yees duab tau dhau los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm peb lub neej nyob rau ob xyoos dhau los, tab sis thaum yuav cov cuab yeej zoo li no, koj yuav tsum xaiv kom zoo kom tsis txhob nkim koj cov nyiaj. Hom koob yees duab yees duab twg muaj? Cov khoom siv cuam tshuam li cas rau kev tua zoo? Dab tsi yog qee qhov yuam kev uas cov neeg ua haujlwm tshiab ua?
