Lub Tshuab Luam Ntawv Hauv Tsev: Yam Twg Zoo Dua Rau Siv Hauv Tsev? Ntsuas Cov Qauv Nyiaj Txiag, Tshuab Luam Ntawv Pheej Yig Rau Kev Luam Cov Ntawv Thiab Lwm Yam

2024 Tus sau: Beatrice Philips | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-09 13:23

Xaiv lub tshuab luam ntawv zoo tshaj plaws rau koj lub tsev yuav tsum tau siv riam phom nrog kev paub tsim nyog. Ua ntej cuam tshuam nrog kev ntsuas ntawm cov peev txheej qauv, nrog cov npe ntawm cov tshuab luam ntawv pheej yig rau kev luam cov ntaub ntawv thiab lwm yam qauv, koj yuav tsum nrhiav kom paub meej tias lub cuab yeej twg zoo tshaj rau siv hauv tsev. Qhov kev txiav txim siab zaum kawg tsis yog tsuas yog thov ua tswv yim, tab sis kuj ntawm lwm qhov nuances uas tseem yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account.

Hom twg koj yuav tsum xaiv?

Txhua lub chaw tsim khoom mob siab rau ntseeg tias nws zoo dua los nqa lub tshuab luam ntawv rau lub tsev ntawm nws hom. Tab sis cov neeg siv khoom paub dhau los paub tias lawv yuav tsum tsom mus rau qhov sib txawv tsis sib xws, ua ntej tshaj plaws, ntawm txoj kev luam ntawv. Feem coob ntawm cov cuab yeej siv hauv tsev ua haujlwm los ntawm kev tsim cov dej ntws los ntawm cov kua ua kua . Inkjet thev naus laus zis tso cai rau koj los tsim cov xim luam ntawv zoo heev (piv rau cov tshuab laser zoo yog kim dua). Qhov kom zoo dua ntawm cov cuab yeej no yog lawv tus nqi pheej yig.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov cuab yeej siv inkjet tsis tuaj yeem luam tawm ntau daim ntawv . Nws tsis yog tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi uas hauv cov kev pabcuam tshaj lij luam ntawv, lub tshuab luam ntawv laser yog lub luag haujlwm ua haujlwm nrog cov ntawv. Thiab qhov ntim ntawm kev luam ntawv txawm tias ntawm cov neeg siv khoom qub yog qhov loj heev. Qhov no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv, cov tub ntxhais kawm (thiab lawv cov kws qhia ntawv), cov neeg sau xov xwm, tus neeg txhais lus, kws lij choj ntawm txhua qhov tshwj xeeb thiab qee tus kws tshaj lij. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias koj paub tseeb tias koj yuav tau xa cov ntawv los luam tawm "ib ntus dhau ib ntus", cov qauv kev lag luam ntawm cov cuab yeej txau yuav yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj.

Tseem ceeb: luam ntawv yuav tsum ua kom tsawg kawg ib zaug ib lub lim tiam, txwv tsis pub cov khoom yuav poob.

Lwm cov nta tsim nyog sau cia:

• tus txheej txheem rov ua kom yooj yim dua;
• cov peev txheej qis ntawm ib daim cartridge ua kua (uas yog ib feem them rau thaum txhim kho CISS);
• muaj zog co;
• tsis txaus ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntawv mus rau ya raws;
• muaj peev xwm luam tawm ntawm ntau hom xov xwm;
• qhov sib piv sib piv ntawm lub cuab yeej nws tus kheej thiab qhov yooj yim ntawm nws txij nkawm.

Laser tshuab tsim nyog feem ntau rau luam ntawv dub thiab dawb . Kev xaiv xim muaj nyob, tab sis lawv raug tus nqi tsis txaus ntseeg kiag li rau cov neeg feem coob. Tab sis tus nqi ntawm kev luam ib zaug yuav qis dua li thaum siv tshuab thev naus laus zis. Nws tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb uas cov lej luam tawm nws tus kheej yog qhov loj. "Laser" tuaj yeem tsim cov ntawv ntau li 30 xyoo dhau los nws muaj peev xwm tau txais hauv lub sijhawm sib piv tsuas yog siv cov cuab yeej luam ntawv.

Kev ceev kom tau txais cov ntawv luam tawm hauv tshuab laser yog siab heev . Thiab yog li koj yuav tsis tau tos ntev kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv koj xav tau. Txawm hais tias ntub dej los xij, cov ntawv yuav nyeem tau yooj yim, thiab cov duab kos thiab cov duab yuav pom tau yooj yim sab nraud. (Txawm hais tias qhov no hais txog, yuav zoo dua, rau qhov xwm txheej "ua rau tes ntub", thiab tsis "poob rau hauv lub pas dej thiab tsis nco qab txog 15 feeb," tau kawg.)

Raws li rau cov txheej txheem matrix, nws tsuas yog siv thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov ntawv, thiab qhov xav tau rau nws siv hauv tsev tshwm sim tsuas yog muaj qhov tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb.

Kev xaiv nyob ntawm lub hom phiaj

Rau kev siv hauv tsev, nws yog qhov tsim nyog tshaj los xaiv cov qauv kev lag luam yooj yim tshaj plaws. Muaj ntau qhov piv txwv zoo ntawm lawv, npog 99% ntawm qhov xav tau. Thiab ntawm no nws yog qhov tseem ceeb kom rov nco txog qhov qub, tab sis yog li ntawd tsis muaj qhov tseeb tseeb tsawg dua - cov tshuab luam ntawv inkjet pheej yig nkaus xwb los ntawm lawv tus kheej, tab sis kev lag luam raug cai tsuas yog thaum luam tawm me me ntawm cov ntawv lossis duab . Tus nqi ntawm chav hloov pauv yuav luag zoo ib yam li ntawm chav tsev tseem ceeb tag nrho, thiab daim cartridge yuav tsum tau hloov lossis rov ua dua tshiab. Nws yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig los txiav txim siab tias yuav luag txhua lub tuam txhab txwv tsis pub hloov pauv lawv daim cartridges nrog microchips, thiab tus nqi ntawm kev hloov pauv lub npe yog txawm siab dua li qhov nruab nrab kev lag luam.

Txhawm rau luam cov ntaub ntawv, tau kawg, tsis tas yuav yuav lub tshuab luam ntawv zas xim . Tab sis rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws yees duab, nws yuav yog lub cuab yeej zoo tshaj plaws. Siv cov txheej txheem no, nws hloov pauv kom pom cov duab zoo heev nrog tus nqi tsawg. Koj tseem tuaj yeem teeb tsa chav yees duab hauv tsev tag nrho, yog tias koj xav tau.

Feem ntau ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm, tus lej nyiaj, kev kawm, thiab cov neeg sau xov xwm tuaj yeem yooj yim cais lawv tus kheej kom yooj yim luam ntawv dub thiab dawb . Tab sis rau cov neeg muaj tswv yim, cov tsim qauv, nws yuav yog qhov raug dua los yuav lub tshuab luam ntawv xim - tus nqi rau nws thiab rau cov khoom siv yuav tau them tawm.

Yuav luag txhua daim ntawv ua lag luam, nrog rau tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv, cov ntaub ntawv rau xa mus rau ntau yam kev hloov pauv muaj nyob hauv A4 hom ntawv . Qhov loj me lossis qhov loj me me yog qhov tsawg, tab sis muaj tsawg kawg yog lub luag haujlwm pabcuam rau lub foob ntawd yog qhov tsim nyog. Rau cov tsev neeg muaj menyuam yaus, nws tsim nyog yuav lub tshuab luam ntawv uas nyob ntsiag to - tau kawg, ntawm cov uas muaj tus yam ntxwv tsim nyog. Hauv chaw ua haujlwm thiab chaw ua haujlwm, luam ntawv ob tog yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig, thiab txhua tus neeg tsis tuaj yeem pom qhov kev nkag siab hauv cov haujlwm zoo li no, qhov no siv tau, nrog qhov tsis tshua muaj qhov tshwj xeeb, rau faxes.

Nrov qauv ntsuam xyuas

Muaj cov qauv uas yog qhov xav tau ntau tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg siv khoom, thiab nws tsim nyog sau cia lawv.

Nyiaj txiag

Ntawm cov tshuab luam ntawv pheej yig rau siv hauv tsev, HP Ink Tank 415 sawv tawm. Cov kua siv lead ua kua nrog cov duab qhia tau ntxiv rau hauv lub tswj vaj huam sib luag. Lub tais pub khoom noj muaj txog li 60 nplooj ntawv. Cov ntawv thov uas yog tus tswv tso cai rau koj los teeb tsa kev luam ntawv ruaj khov los ntawm cov txheej txheem mobile.

Nws tseem tsim nyog sau cia:

• ib qho txheej txheem tshwj xeeb uas tsis suav nrog tus lej nchuav thaum lub tshuab ua kom rov zoo;
• lub xub ntiag ntawm Wi-nkaus Direct hom;
• tsis siv neeg valve;
• tau txais 18,000 xim dub thiab dawb lossis 8,000 nplooj ntawv xim ib hlis;
• daws teeb meem ntawm cov ntawv dub thiab dawb mus txog 1200x1200 dpi;
• flatbed scanning;
• luam daws teeb meem txog 600x300 dots ib nti;
• siv 4 daim cartridges.

Cov qauv pheej yig sab saum toj kuj suav nrog lwm lub cuab yeej - Canon PIXMA iP2840 … Nws yog sib xws nrog ob lub Windows thiab macOS. Hauv hom dub thiab dawb, mus txog 8 nplooj ntawv raug tso tawm ib feeb, hauv xim - txog 5 nplooj ntawv. 1 USB chaw nres nkoj tau muab. Qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm tuaj yeem ncav cuag 4800x600 dpi.

Cov cuab yeej siv tus tswv Canon Fine thev naus laus zis . Nws kuj tseem tsim nyog sau cia tias muaj lub kaw lus tsis siv neeg (uas yog, thaum lub tshuab luam ntawv tsis siv, nws tsis nkim lub zog hauv hom tos). Cov software suav nrog yuav tso cai rau koj teeb tsa koj cov duab hauv koj lub computer. Kev siv thev naus laus zis tshwj xeeb tau muab uas tso cai rau koj luam tawm los ntawm cov servers deb tsuas yog qhov koj xav tau tiag tiag.

Txawm hais tias nws pheej yig, Canon cov khoom tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm hom suab nrov qis ntawm kev ua haujlwm.

HP OfficeJet Pro 8210 sib txawv tsis tsuas yog hauv tus nqi nyiam, tab sis kuj nyob hauv qhov yooj yim ntawm kev teeb tsa. Nyiam qhov txawv ntawm nws thiab tsim qauv, uas koj tsis cia siab los ntawm cov qauv pheej yig. Qhov tseeb, lub hom phiaj tsis muaj zog yog lub vijtsam kov, thiab cov ntawv tais yog qhov tsis yooj yim. Thov kom luam tawm txog 22 xim dub thiab dawb lossis 18 nplooj ntawv xim ib feeb. Ethernet tau txais kev txhawb nqa, tab sis kev tshuaj xyuas qhia tias luam tawm tau zoo yam tsawg kawg nkaus.

Cov qauv no yog tsim los siv tsuas yog thawj tus lej HP number case cartridges .thiab cov chaw tsim khoom tshaj tawm qhov no qhib heev. Mus txog 30 txhiab nplooj ntawv ntawm cov ntawv tuaj yeem tshwm nyob rau ib hlis. Thermal inkjet tshuab siv. Lub xub ntiag ntawm 4 daim cartridges tau muab. RAM muaj peev xwm - 256 MB.

Nqe nqe nruab nrab

Xaiv "tsuas yog lub tshuab luam ntawv zoo hauv tsev", nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los saib xyuas lub cuab yeej Kwv tij HL-L2340DWR … Nws qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb yog qhov tsis muaj cov chips hauv daim cartridges. Lub suab ntim thaum ua haujlwm tsis tshaj 49 dB. Lub 7 kg tshuab luam ntawv tawm cov ntawv thiab cov duab siv lub tshuab luam ntawv laser. Qhov siab tshaj plaws luam tawm ceev hauv cov ntaub ntawv zoo tshaj plaws mus txog 26 nplooj ntawv ib feeb, uas yog, hauv daim ntawv thov tiag tiag 18-20 nplooj ntawv ib feeb twg tau muab yam tsis muaj teeb meem.

Lwm cov ntsiab lus:

• 700-nplooj ntawv toner cartridge suav nrog;
• qhov hnyav - 6, 9 kg;
• 250-ntawv tais + cais cov tswv yim rau txiav cov ntawv;
• tos thawj nplooj ntawv tsis ntau tshaj 8, 5 vib nas this.

Kev xaiv zoo - Xerox VersaLink B400DN Cov … Cov neeg tsim khoom tau sim ua kom muaj kev siv ntau tshaj ntawm kev luam ntawv txawb thiab tso tawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov peev txheej online. Cov qauv xim dub thiab dawb ua kom pom tseeb txog 1200 x 1200 dots. Reheating los ntawm kos yuav siv sijhawm 60 vib nas this. Nws raug tso cai siv ntawv nrog qhov ntom ntom ntawm 0.06 txog 0.22 kg rau 1 m2.

Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb:

• yooj yim graphical interface;
• tau tshaj toner cartridges;
• luam tawm tsawg kawg 30 nplooj ntawv ib feeb hauv cov xwm txheej zoo;
• kev txhawb nqa ncaj qha rau huab cia cov ntaub ntawv;
• muaj peev xwm siv tsuas yog cov khoom lag luam uas muaj npe.

Thawj nplooj ntawv tshwm hauv 8 vib nas this tom qab pib luam ntawv. Lub hli thauj khoom nce mus txog 110 txhiab nplooj ntawv. Cov ntawv tais ceev tseg muaj txog li 550 nplooj ntawv. Raug peev xwm ntawm RAM yog 2 GB. Txhawb nqa los ntawm USB 3.0 thev naus laus zis, nrog rau kev sib pauv ntaub ntawv ntawm NFC raws tu qauv.

Cov neeg uas tsis muaj qhov xav tau tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb rau kev luam xim yuav nyiam HP LaserJet Pro M404dn … Cov cuab yeej txhawb nqa iPrint, CloudPrint. Kev sib txuas ntawm USB raws tu qauv kuj tau ua tiav. Cov neeg tsim qauv tau saib xyuas kev luam ntawv tsis siv neeg ntawm ob sab ntawm daim ntawv, thiab kev luam tawm meej ntawm 1200x1200 dpi txaus txaus hauv feem ntau. Muaj tseeb, ntau tus neeg ntseeg tias lub cuab yeej no tsis tas yuav loj.

Mus txog 4000 nplooj ntawv tuaj yeem tsim tawm hauv ib hlis. Mus txog 38 nplooj ntawv ib feeb twg. Txhawb nqa ua haujlwm nrog ntawv nrog qhov ntom ntawm 0, 06 txog 0, 175 kg rau 1 m2. Lub tais tso tawm muaj txog li 150 nplooj ntawv. Txhawb nqa ntawm qib kho vajtse Google Cloud Print, HP ePrint, Mopria.

Cov chav kawm hwm

Ib tus neeg sawv cev zoo ntawm pawg no tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tau Xerox VersaLink B610DN … Nws tuaj yeem tsim tawm txog 500 nplooj ntawv luam tawm. Lub peev xwm nco tau thiab 136 cov ntawv sau ua ntej tau muab. Nyob ntawm tus yam ntxwv ntawm daim cartridge, koj tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm 10 txog 46 txhiab nplooj ntawv ib zaug. Cov zaub nce mus txog 5 ntiv tes, tab sis Wi-nkaus tsis muaj.

Mus txog 63 nplooj ntawv tuaj yeem tso tawm ib feeb. Qhov kev xaiv txuas txuas tus neeg nqa khoom tiav tau txais kev txhawb nqa, faib cov ntawv ua 5 ntu . Kev rub tawm txhua hli nce mus txog 275 txhiab nplooj ntawv (raws li lwm qhov chaw - 120 txhiab). Cov xim cev nqaij daim tawv dub thiab dawb yuav saib zoo nkauj hauv ib puag ncig. Siv thev naus laus zis Google Luam, Mopria.

Epson Qhia Duab HD XP-15000 , raws li nws yooj yim to taub twb tau los ntawm lub npe, tau ua kom zoo dua rau tso saib cov duab. Kev siv tus cwj mem pheej yig ua pov thawj pom zoo ntawm cov ntawv no. Kev luam ntawv tuaj yeem ncaj qha los ntawm cov xov tooj lossis lub koob yees duab, ob qho tib si los ntawm lub cim xeeb sab hauv thiab los ntawm SD daim npav. Txhawb nqa ob lub tshuab luam ntawv tsis siv neeg, Kev sib txuas Ethernet (RJ45). Muaj tseeb, tus nqi tseem yog qhov tsis zoo.

Muaj tus qauv Wi-nkaus built-in. Siv kev luam ntawv hauv hom A3, txawm tias A3 +. Lub tshuab luam ntawv hnyav txog 8.5 kg, uas ua rau nws yog ib qho ntawm qhov pom kev tshaj plaws hauv nws chav kawm. Cov neeg tsim khoom tau saib xyuas kom ruaj khov txaus txawm tias nyob ntawm qhov txhawb nqa.

Cov tswj vaj huam sib luag zoo li qub los ntawm cov qauv niaj hnub no, tab sis nws yooj yim heev rau siv.

Nws hloov tawm kim heev thiab Epson SureColor SC-P600 … Rau qee qhov, qhov no tau txiav tawm los ntawm kev txuag nyiaj ntawm cov khoom siv. Kev sib txuas ntawm Wi-nkaus yog qhov ua tau. Kev siv USB thiab Ethernet kuj tseem muaj, uas ua kom nrawm dua luam ntawv. Cov kws tsim qauv tau khaws tseg txawm tias yog hom luam ntawv ntawm CDs (txawm hais tias nws tseem tsis tau meej meej leej twg yuav xav tau nws hauv 2020).

Cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus inkjet thiab tsim cov duab xim . Kev sib txuas CISS tsis yooj yim sua. Kev txwv kev daws teeb meem dub thiab dawb yog 5760x1440 pixels. Cov xim luam tawm yuav muaj qhov zoo ib yam. Luam tawm ntawm cov ntawv ci, ntawv yees duab, thiab yob tawm.

Kev pom zoo

Yog tias ua tau, nws tsim nyog xaiv cov qauv uas tau pib ua nrog CISS. Txawm hais tias nws hloov pauv los teeb tsa cov kab ke no ntxiv, daim ntawv lees paub tuaj yeem xa tam sim rau hauv lub thoob khib nyiab . Txhawm rau luam tawm ntawm cov ntawv tuab tuab, koj yuav tsum tau yuav cov tshuab inkjet, tsis yog tshuab laser. Hauv ntu tsev, tsis yog lub tshuab luam ntawv laser dawb huv, tab sis cov tshuab luam ntawv LED zoo dua. Lawv muaj kev nyab xeeb ntau dua ib puag ncig, tab sis lawv pom meej tias kim dua.

Nws tsis zoo li yuav tsum muaj lub tshuab luam ntawv A0 sab nraum lub chaw haujlwm, tsim chav studio, lossis tsim chaw lis haujlwm . Koj tuaj yeem yuav luag ib txwm txwv koj tus kheej rau A4 nplooj ntawv, thiab txawm tias A3 (tsis hais txog hom loj dua) yuav tsum muaj nyob hauv ib qho xwm txheej. Raws li rau qhov kev daws teeb meem, nws tsis yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom pom cov ntaub ntawv lossis duab los ntawm kev sib tham hauv network. Tab sis puv puv yees duab luam ntawv, tsim twb yuav tsum tau yam tsawg 4800x1200 zoo.

Kev tau txais cov duab xim tsuas yog zoo li yog lub sijhawm tsis tau ua tiav - hauv qhov tseeb lawv xav tau ntau dua li nws zoo li thaum xub thawj.

Kev caum cov ntawv luam tawm nrawm nrawm tsis yooj yim . Tab sis yog tias koj ntsuas cov tshuab luam ntawv los ntawm qhov ntsuas no, koj yuav tsum nkag siab tias kev tshaj tawm cov txiaj ntsig hauv qhov tseeb tau raug txo los ntawm 20-25%. Nws muaj txiaj ntsig kom muaj Wi-nkaus thaiv, ua tsaug rau cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem nthuav tawm txawm tias ncaj qha los ntawm lub xov tooj smartphone lossis ntsiav tshuaj. Inkjet tshuab luam ntawv tuaj yeem luam tawm nrog cov xim lossis cov dej-soluble inks. Thawj hom yog qhov ci dua, zam kev sib cuag nrog dej thiab tshav ntuj zoo heev, yog lub hom phiaj feem ntau rau cov ntawv, tsis yog duab, qhov tseeb, nws yog lwm txoj hauv kev rau pob nyiaj laser luam tawm.

Cov uas xav ua daim duab luam ntawv yuav tsum muab qhov nyiam rau cov dej-soluble number case . Tab sis lawv plooj av los ntawm qhov dej noo me ntsis thiab tuaj yeem ploj mus yooj yim. Dej-soluble inkjet luam ntawv ntawm cov ntawv dawb yog tsis zoo li yuav muab qhov ua tau zoo. Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias feem ntau cov xim xim xim tau zoo haum rau cov ntaub ntawv thiab duab. Muaj tseeb, lawv feem ntau yog siv hauv tshuab luam ntawv nrog 6 lossis 9 xim ua haujlwm.

Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog seb puas yuav yuav lub tshuab luam ntawv cais lossis MFP puv ntoob . Yog lawm, txoj hauv kev no muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua li kev yuav cov cuab yeej sib txawv. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog qhov xwm txheej no, lossis qhov kev cog lus ntawm thev naus laus zis tso cai tsis quav ntsej ob qhov tsis zoo. Thawj qhov uas feem ntau tsis yog cov khoom tsim tau zoo tshaj plaws tau ntxiv rau hauv cov khoom siv ua ke. Qhov thib ob, yog tias ib chav tsev tawg, muaj kev pheej hmoo loj uas lwm qhov yuav tsis ua haujlwm ib yam.

Hais txog cov npe tshwj xeeb, Canon thiab HP txuas ntxiv ua tus tsim khoom lag luam laser . Tab sis nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias hauv cov peev nyiaj qis, qhov zoo ntawm lawv cov khoom tau raug txo qis tsis ntev los no.

Qhov xwm txheej no, ob qho tib si rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab khoom siv hluav taws xob, tau sau tseg los ntawm txhua tus kws tshaj lij uas tsis muaj kev ntseeg. Yog li ntawd, koj yuav tsum tsom mus rau cov qauv ntawm yam tsawg kawg ntawm tus nqi nruab nrab nruab nrab, lossis xaiv cov cuab yeej los ntawm Samsung, Xerox, Tij Laug.

Hauv ntu inkjet, Epson tsis tau poob txoj haujlwm zoo heev. Nws cov tshuab luam ntawv zoo heev thiab ruaj khov. Canon tsim nyog mloog, ib yam. Raws li rau inkjet versions los ntawm HP, lawv yog, rau qee qhov tsis paub vim li cas, tsis muaj kev saib xyuas ntawm cov neeg siv khoom. Thaum yuav cov cuab yeej xim, nws tsis muaj kev nkag siab los xaiv tus qauv nrog cov xim ib leeg - nws tsis yooj yim rau roj, thiab lub peev xwm rau txhua xim yog qhov me me.

Tseem muaj ob peb lwm yam subtleties:

• qhov loj ntawm lub cuab yeej (kom nws haum rau hauv qhov chaw xaiv);
• ua haujlwm tau zoo;
• cov ntaub ntawv rau luam ntawv;
• tsim.