2024 Tus sau: Beatrice Philips | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-18 12:13
Hauv kev tsim kho, ntxiv rau cov cement, xuab zeb thiab pob zeb tawg, bitumen kuj tseem siv dav. Nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tiv thaiv dej thiab nkag mus rau hauv cov khoom siv hauv tsev, suav nrog kev nkag mus rau hauv cov tsev sib xyaw. Nws daim ntawv thov yog txoj kev thiab kev tsim kho ntiag tug.
Nws yog dab tsi?
Los ntawm bitumen txhais tau tias yog cov khoom ntom ntom thiab khov uas zoo ib yam li cov khoom sib xyaw. Nws tau thauj mus rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv - ua ntej siv, cov khoom tawg no tau yaj mus txog thaum nws dhau los ua lub xeev ua kua . Cov khoom siv no, ntxiv rau asphalt thiab asphalt qhob sib xyaw, tau pom daim ntawv thov ua txheej txheej dej tsis huv, piv txwv li, nruab nrab ntawm cov pob zeb hauv av (hauv paus) thiab thawj kab ntawm cov cib ntsa.
Txawm tias muaj homogeneity thiab pom tau yooj yim, cov khoom siv hauv tsev bituminous muaj qhov sib xyaw ua ke . Feem ntau, cov no yog cov sib txuas hydrocarbon uas nitrogen, hlau ntxiv thiab oxygen tuaj yeem yaj tau. Tab sis qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj tsis xaus rau ntawd: nws muaj heteroorganic. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm bitumen muaj ntau yam txaus kom tsis txhob sau npe tam sim ntawd txhua qhov suav nrog hauv nws.
Lawv ua los ntawm dab tsi?
Artificial bitumen yog tsim los ntawm cov roj av - cov khoom seem tom qab tawg (cais) ntawm cov roj. Tar, uas yog cov roj seem tom qab tso cov roj cua, kua sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv, uas yog nyob ntawm chav sov, tau ua raws li ib ntawm peb tus txheej txheem.
- Sedimentation ntawm hnyav feem ntawm cov roj seem siv txo siab (nqus). Qhov sib xyaw ua ke muaj qhov txaus fusibility thiab muag muag. Cov khoom siv raw rau kev tsim khoom ntawm "nqus" bitumen yog cov roj nrog cov leej faj thiab cov ntsiab lus siab.
- Cov tar yog oxidized los ntawm cua sov nws mus rau qhov kub txog 200 degrees thiab tshuab nws nrog huab cua. Thaum cov cua sov tau cua tshuab nrog cov pa ntshiab, cov khoom siv hauv tsev uas muaj cua sov tau tso tawm.
- Kev siv distillates nrog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm tar. Cov tom kawg tuaj yeem muaj cov tshuaj oxidized thiab cov seem uas seem hauv qhov sib txawv.
Qhov tshwm sim bitumen raug cais raws li qee yam txheej txheem. Nws tau muab rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov briquettes uas tuaj yeem teeb tau ntawm qhov kub cia qis.
Yam ntxwv ntawm ntau yam
Thaum hais txog hom lossis ntau yam ntawm bitumen, cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no raug coj mus rau hauv tus account
- Qhov ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntais, los yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm bitumen, yog 950-1500 kg / m3 . Lub voos xwmfab bitumen yuav tsum tsis hnyav ntau tshaj qhov cim siab tshaj plaws - txwv tsis pub, nws tsim nyog xav tias muaj pob zeb thiab lwm yam khib nyiab nyob hauv. Tsis yog txhua txhua bitumen yog sib dua li dej. Qhov hnyav tag nrho - qhov hnyav ntawm ib cubic meter - yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev.
- Lub ntsiab lus melting ntawm bitumen nyob ntawm hom khoom . Qhov ntsuas no tso cai rau koj kwv yees ntawm qhov ntsuas kub npaum li cas bitumen ua kua kom nws ntws zoo li dej qab zib. Tab sis, los ntawm kev ua kom txias cov nplaum bitumen ntawm ib lub npe mus rau qhov ntsuas kub qis dua 80 degrees, koj tau lees tias kom tau txais ib puag ncig nrog qhov ntom ntom ntawm cov kua qaub hauv zos, uas tsis tuaj yeem tso tawm.
Txhua hom thiab qib ntawm bitumen txiav txim siab nws thaj chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm kev thov. Piv txwv li, bitumen siv rau kev tsim cov ru tsev muaj kev xav (cov khoom vov tsev) nyuaj rau siv rau txoj kev tsim kho - asphalt tuaj yeem tawg sai sai hauv qhov txias, thiab thaum tshav kub kub nws tuaj yeem ua kom mos muag thiab hloov pauv, khoov txoj kev saum npoo, tsoo qhov nthwv dej ntawm nws nto.
Txoj kev zoo li no xav tau kev kho sai.
Ntuj
Ntuj muaj pes tsawg leeg bituminous - cov zaub mov sib txuas tau. Tshwj xeeb - cov tshuaj reagents ntuj suav nrog hauv lawv. Ntuj bitumen yog cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov roj ua kom zoo los ntawm lub zog ntawm xwm. Nws tau tsim thaum tso nyiaj tau dhau los ntawm kev hloov pauv tshwj xeeb, piv txwv li, thaum lub sijhawm oxidation thaum nws cuam tshuam nrog cov zaub mov ib puag ncig, lossis cov kab mob extremophile uas tuaj yeem hloov pauv qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov roj tau nkag mus rau hauv qhov chaw tso dej uas cov roj nyob.
Txhawm rau nkag mus rau ntuj bitumen, cov mines lossis chaw txua txiag zeb tau tsim
Ntuj bitumen - asphalt ntawm lub hauv paus keeb kwm, ozokerite, malt - cov txiaj ntsig, qhov uas yog cov zaub mov sib txuas tau.
Asphalt Hmoov
Nws tau tsim los ntawm cov pob zeb, zoo ib yam li limestone. Thaum ua cov hmoov asphalt, cov tshuaj reagents uas xav tau yog muab rho tawm ntawm qhov kub uas tsis yog chav sov.
Cuav
Roj av, lossis cov khoom siv bitumen, yog tsim tsuas yog thaum lub sijhawm ua kom cov roj sib xyaw. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tawg, kev tso dej (sedimentation) thiab oxidation ntawm cov roj hnyav feem, qhov tseeb, tsim cov roj roj (tar), tau siv.
Tarred
Kev faib ua feem Bitumen - los ntawm feem pua - tau suav thaum lub sijhawm tshuaj xyuas cov roj ntawm cov roj uas seem tom qab cov pa thiab cov kua uas ua rau cov roj. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm bitumen yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev sov thiab kub asphalt, yam uas nws tsis tuaj yeem tsim (lossis kho) txoj hauv kev . Lwm hom khoom siv hauv tsev bituminous tau los ntawm tar bitumen.
Lwm yam
Piv txwv li, cov khoom sib xyaw txias uas muaj cov polymer ntxiv suav nrog cov roj hmab, cov yas uas txhim kho nws cov khoom, thiab cov kuab tshuaj organic. Ib qho yaj, mos muag ntawm cov bitumen siv rau asphalt lossis ru tsev yog diluted nrog tus ntsuj plig dawb. Cov xim bituminous tau tsim, uas tsim cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov phab ntsa thaiv dej ntau dua li, piv txwv li, cov xim pleev xim. Tab sis cov tshuaj ntxiv hauv txias bitumen tsis txwv rau dab dawb xwb.
Bitumen, uas tau ua haujlwm rau nws lub sijhawm, tawg, thiab nws tau ua tiav, tau txais cov khoom sib xyaw hydrocarbon hloov pauv los ntawm nws, lossis thauj cov ntoo mus rau hauv lub qhov cub pyrolysis
Hauv qhov xwm txheej tom kawg, nws muaj peev xwm tau txais cua sov ntau, uas pom nws daim ntawv thov, piv txwv li, hauv cov cua sov cua sov cov tsev thiab lub tsev rhaub dej kub.
Nyiaj muas
PAB 40/60
Ib qho ntawm feem ntau fusible. Softens ntawm 40-degree kub. Kev siv nws yog txwv los ntawm qhov tseeb tias nyob rau thaj tsam yav qab teb ntawm Russia, txawm tias huab cua tab sis huab cua sov, nws ze rau qhov muag muag. Nws yog siv feem ntau nyob rau sab qaum teb latitudes, qhov twg lub caij ntuj sov yuav luag tsis sov.
Nws yog te-tiv taus, tuaj yeem khaws nws cov khoom thaum lub caij ntuj no, yuav luag tsis muaj kev tawg ua tej daim thiab tawg.
NPE 50/50
Ib qho kev sib xyaw uas muag muag tsuas yog nyob ntawm qhov kub ntawm 50 degrees. Qhov no tsis yog qhov kev ntsuas siab tshaj ntawm GOST qhov xav tau. Qhov tseeb, nws muaj peev xwm ua kom sov - hauv qhov muaj pes tsawg asphalt - thaum lub caij sov. Nws ua raws qhov zoo kawg nkaus - cov cuab yeej no tau txais txiaj ntsig ntawm kev txhim kho txoj hauv kev, rau kev rov ua tiav ntawm cov peev nyiaj los ntawm cov peev txheej hauv nroog lossis tseem tseem tsis tau muab faib rau tag nrho.
Thaum ib daim tau teeb tsa rau ntawm lub tiaj tiaj, cov tshuaj no kis mus rau hauv ib lub pas dej txawm tias. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm kom tau txais ib txheej txawm tias tsis muaj kev hloov pauv.
NPE 70/100
Txhawm rau ua kom mos, qib bitumen yuav tsum tau ua kom sov txog 72 degrees. Txawv sib txawv hauv siab adhesion. Nws yog siv rau kev tso cov khoom vov tsev. Nws muaj peev xwm siv cov khoom sib xyaw ua cov txheej qis lossis sab saud ntawm asphalt - lawv, piv txwv li, cov dej asphalt qub ua ntej tso ib qho tshiab, yog tias txoj kev xav tau nce 10 cm lossis ntau dua . Rhuav lub asphalt tsim cov khoom tawg uas tsis nce hmoov av los ntawm txoj kev thaum lawv raug tshem tawm.
Vim tias qhov kub nce ntxiv, cov khoom lag luam no muaj lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov kab nrib pleb hauv asphalt, thiab hauv qhov txias xws li txheej txheej tawv tawv tawg sai dua.
NPE-90/130
Heats txog li 90 degrees, uas hais txog nws raws li cov tshuaj reagent rau asphalt kub. Kev ua txhaum asphalt nrog cov bitumen yog qhov nyuaj, tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov kev nqis tes ntawm sledgehammer lossis tsoo nres, txoj kev saum npoo av tawg mus rau hauv qhov tawg.
Hauv nws daim ntawv dawb huv, cov khoom tawg ntawm lub npe no muaj ci, ci ci.
Cov ntawv thov
Yas, nplaum zoo, tsis kam ua kom khov - ntawm no bitumen yog qhov tseem ceeb rau txoj kev tiv thaiv dej (thiab hauv txoj kev tsim kho dav dav), cov tsev, cov qauv thiab cov qauv. Bituminous cov khoom siv hauv tsev nyuaj rau kev puas tsuaj.
BND - roj txoj kev bitumen - cov khoom pheej yig tshaj . Bituminous vov tsev thiab cov phab ntsa thaiv dej thiab cov hauv paus yog txoj hauv kev zoo los tiv thaiv lub tsev los ntawm kev ntub dej (av ntub thiab nag lossis daus). Cov ntawv vov tsev uas tau hais los saum toj no, nrog rau hydrostekloizol yog piv txwv ntawm qhov no. Mastics uas muaj bitumen tau tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw bitumen -rubber, latex, urethane, acrylic - lawv tau siv los ua txheej txheej tiv thaiv dej. Nrog lawv, kev xau hauv lub ru tsev thiab qab nthab tsis suav nrog.
Yog tias peb tig mus rau keeb kwm keeb kwm thiab cov txheej txheem pom thaum lub sijhawm khawb av, tom qab ntawd twb tau nyob rau lub sijhawm puag thaum ub, bitumen tau siv hauv kev tsim cov tsev thiab cov qauv rau ntau lub hom phiaj
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv
Ua haujlwm nrog bitumen yuav tsum tau ua raws qee qib ntawm kev ua haujlwm - cua sov, ntxiv cov tshuaj ntxiv thiab sib tov sib xyaw. Tom qab kev npaj ua kom tiav, qhov sib xyaw ua ke tau thov rau saum npoo uas xav tau cov txheej txheej no.
Kev ntsuas cua sov yog ua nyob rau hauv cov kua nplaum bitumen . Qhov kev xaiv yooj yim tshaj plaws yog yaj cov bitumen hauv cov thoob qhov hluav taws. Nws raug nquahu kom pib nplawm cov bitumen tom qab muag muag kom nws tsis hlawv thiab tsis tawg. Hnov thiab ua npuas ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thaum nws ua kom sov yog lub ntuj pom ntawm cov khoom ntawm bitumen. Cov roj bitumen tag nrho muaj qhov ua kom du thiab ci ci uas tsom iav qhov teeb meem.
Cov tsos ntawm acrid pa ntawm huab cua yog ib qho cim ntawm qhov pib ntawm decomposition ntawm bitumen muaj pes tsawg leeg, thaum cov pa luam yeeb dhau los ua xim daj, nrog xim daj-ntsuab . Nws tsis tuaj yeem lees txais ua kom sov dhau bitumen rau txheej txheej dej tsis qab - tom qab txias, vim qhov pib ntawm kev sib tsoo, nws yuav tawg. Thaum cua sov, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau khaws ib daim plywood nyob hauv kev taug kev deb - yog tias cov bitumen ntes hluav taws, npog lub caj dab ntawm lub tank yuav thaiv qhov nkag mus ntawm cov pa, thiab cov nplaim taws yuav tawm tam sim ntawd.
Thaum ntxiv cov thwjtim, xaiv cov roj av lossis lub siab dawb . Yog tias bitumen kub dhau mus rau qhov kub siab tshaj 160 degrees, tuaj yeem siv roj av. Qhov hnyav dua thiab tuab dua, feem ntau ua kom sov bitumen koj tuaj yeem ntxiv nws yam tsis ntshai tias nws yuav qhuav ua ntej lub sijhawm, yam tsis muaj sijhawm los ua kom muaj pes tsawg leeg.
Yuav tsum muaj bitumen ntau dua qhov hnyav: 30 lossis 50 feem pua ntawm cov tshuaj hnyav ntxiv. Cov bitumen tau rhaub nrog cov kuab tshuaj cais - qhov no yuav tsis suav nrog qhov hluav taws xob tshwm sim.
Nrog qhov ntim loj ntawm bitumen sib tov, cov kuab tshuaj tau nchuav rau hauv bitumen. Yam me me sib txawv.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom sib khi - cov khoom sib xyaw bitumen - siv rau hauv tus account qhov nrawm ntawm tawv ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev . Thaum hloov cov bitumen mus rau saum npoo kom pleev xim, tus tswv yuav ntsib nrog qhov tseeb tias nws txheej tuab thiab qhuav tom qab 2 feeb, thiab ntxiv qib ntawm phab ntsa lossis hauv pem teb yuav dhau los ua tsis tau. Qhov saum npoo yog kho ua ntej nrog cov primer bituminous. Qhov kawg ua rau hnyav dua ntev dua li qhov sib xyaw bituminous tseem ceeb, uas txhais tau tias nws raug tso cai siv txhuam lossis cov menyuam. Thaum siv cov txheej tuab ntawm cov bitumen, piv txwv li, daim txhuam cev, qhwv nruj hauv daim ntaub, tau siv.
Kev siv bitumen sib txawv raws qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev ua haujlwm . Rau kev tiv thaiv dej - ntau tshaj 2 kg rau 1m2. Txheej tuab - tsis ntau tshaj 2 hli. Ib txheej nyias nyias tso cai rau cov dej hla mus, txheej tuab ua rau tawg sai dua. Rau txoj kev thiab txoj kev taug kev - txog li 3 kg / m2. Yog tias nchuav, cov bitumen tawv dua, thiab thaum tshav kub kub nws ua khov. Ib txheej me me yuav tsis muab lub zog zoo. Impregnation ntawm asphalt (lossis asphalt qhob) yuav xav tau txog li 1 kg rau 1 m2.
Pom zoo:
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