Basalt (40 Duab): Nws Yog Dab Tsi? Lub Hauv Paus Ntawm Pob Zeb, Cov Pob Zeb Zoo Li Cas Yog Basalt Koom Nrog Thiab Nws Zoo Li Cas? Ceev, Ntaub, Ntaub Thiab Lwm Yam Siv

2024 Tus sau: Beatrice Philips | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-15 04:12

Basalt yog lub pob zeb ntuj, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm gabbro. Los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv kab lus no, koj yuav kawm paub tias nws yog dab tsi, nws tshwm sim li cas, nws keeb kwm thiab cov khoom zoo li cas. Ib qho ntxiv, peb yuav qhia koj txog nws thaj tsam ntawm kev thov.

Nws yog dab tsi?

Basalt yog cov pob zeb uas muaj hluav taws uas ua rau lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm ib txwm muaj alkalinity series ntawm pawg basalt. Txhais los ntawm lus Ethiopian, "basalt" txhais tau tias "pob zeb kub" ("muaj hlau") . Basalt muaj cov qauv nyuaj los ntawm cov tshuaj thiab cov tshuaj ntxhia pom. Crystalline formations thiab nplua-grained ncua ntawm magnetite, silicates thiab hlau oxides tau sib cuam tshuam hauv nws.

Cov qauv ntxhia muaj cov iav amorphous volcanic iav, feldspar muaju, sulfide ores, carbonates, quartz. Agvite thiab feldspar tsim lub hauv paus ntawm cov ntxhia.

Lub pob zeb volcanic zoo li lub cev nruab nrab, nws pom tias yog lava ntws uas tshwm sim tom qab lub roob hluav taws tawg . Pob zeb no yog xim dub, haus luam yeeb dub, tsaus grey, ntsuab thiab dub. Nyob ntawm ntau yam, cov qauv yuav txawv (nws tuaj yeem yog aphyric, porphyry, iav iav, cryptocrystalline). Cov ntxhia muaj qhov ntxhib nto thiab ntug tsis sib xws.

Cov qauv ua npuas ntawm cov khoom siv tau piav qhia los ntawm kev tso cov pa tawm thiab cov pa roj thaum lub caij txias ntawm lava . Cov kab noj hniav hauv qhov hnyav uas tau muab tshem tawm tsis muaj sijhawm kom nruj ua ntej nws crystallizes. Ntau yam zaub mov (calcium, tooj liab, ua ntej, zeolite) tau tso rau hauv cov qhov no. Basalt yooj yim sib txawv los ntawm lwm cov pob zeb. Nws yog mined los ntawm txoj kev qhib - los ntawm kev sib tsoo tawm cov blocks los ntawm chaw txua txiag zeb.

Keeb kwm thiab tso nyiaj

Feem ntau cov hauv paus tsim hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov dej hiav txwv, tsim cov pob zeb hauv dej. Nws yog tsim los saum toj no hiav txwv hotspots. Thaum lub roob hluav taws tawg, ntau lub lava ntws los ntawm cov av hauv av txuas mus txog hauv av . Nws tau tsim thaum lava sib xyaw nrog cov pa hauv qab huab cua ntws thiab tshauv.

Tus tsiaj yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm nws txoj kab ke nyias thiab tsis sib xws. Cov xwm txheej rau kev khov ntawm magma sib txawv. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm pob zeb yog nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub cev yaj (siab, qhov txias ntawm cov lava ntws), nrog rau txoj kev uas cov nplooj yaj . Qhov pom tshiab tshaj plaws yog tias basalt tau pom nyob txhua qhov chaw. Raws li lawv cov keeb kwm geodynamic, cov zaub mov yog ib nrab ntawm dej hiav txwv, muaj hav dej txuas ntxiv mus, thiab sab hauv (sab av loj thiab dej hiav txwv).

Basalt tau nthuav dav tsis yog hauv ntiaj teb nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj tseem nyob rau lwm lub ntiaj teb (piv txwv li, Lub Hli, Mars, Venus). Lub pob zeb tsim lub plhaub tawv ntawm lub Ntiaj Teb: hauv qab dej hiav txwv - hauv thaj tsam ntawm 6,000 m thiab ntau dua, nyob hauv qab teb chaws, cov tuab ntawm cov txheej tau nce mus txog 31,000 m. Pob zeb outcrops mus rau lub ntiaj teb nto yog ntau:

• nws cov nyiaj tau pom nyob rau sab qaum teb, sab hnub poob, sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm tebchaws Mongolia;
• nws tau nthuav dav hauv Caucasus, Transcaucasia, nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Siberia;
• ntuj pob zeb yog mined nyob ib puag ncig ntawm lub roob hluav taws ntawm Kamchatka thiab Kuriles;
• nws txoj kev tawm mus rau lub ntiaj teb yog nyob hauv Auvergne, Bohemia, Scotland, Ireland, Transbaikalia, Ethiopia, Ukraine, Khabarovsk Territory;
• nws tau pom ntawm cov kob ntawm St. Helena, Antilles, Iceland, Andes, Is Nrias teb, Uzbekistan, Brazil, Altai, Georgia, Armenia, Volyn, Mariupol, Poltava koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Ukrainian SSR.

Basalt muaj pes tsawg leeg tuaj yeem sib txawv los ntawm cov txheej txheem hydrothermal. Ntxiv mus, cov hauv paus, uas tau nchuav rau hauv hiav txwv, hloov pauv ntau ntxiv.

Cov khoom yooj yim

Igneous extrusive pob zeb yog tus yam ntxwv zoo thiab cov qauv ntom. Basalt yog qhov zoo sib xws hauv nws cov yam ntxwv rau granite thiab marble . Nws tiv taus cov kua qaub thiab alkalis, tab sis tej zaum yuav muaj hluav taws xob ntau ntxiv tom qab. Inert rau qhov hloov pauv kub, muaj cua sov txuag thiab cov khoom tiv thaiv hluav taws. Pob zeb yog qhov txawv los ntawm nws qhov hnyav (hnyav dua li granite), yas thiab yoog raws, nws muaj suab nrov txo, qib siab ntawm cov pa permeability, lub zog, thiab tawv. Ceev tsis tas li vim nws nyob ntawm qhov kev ntxhib los mos. Nws tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm 2520-2970 kg ib m3.

Cov porosity coefficient tuaj yeem yog 0, 6-19%. Kev nqus dej sib txawv ntawm 0.15 txog 10.2% . Basalt yog lub zog ruaj khov, nws tsis muaj hluav taws xob, thiab vim nws lub zog nws tiv taus kom puas. Nws yaj ntawm qhov kub ntawm 1100-1200 degrees Celsius. Cov tawv tawv ntawm Mohs nplai ntawm 5 txog 7. Cov khoom ntawm pob zeb ntuj ua rau nws haum rau siv hauv kev tsim kho. Nws tuaj yeem raug tsoo thiab tshem tawm, pov tseg, kho cua sov.

Recycled basalt muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm pob zeb txhim kho . Nws nyuaj rau tawg, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv uas tsis tau npog nws zoo li iav (nws muaj qhov ci tawg, xim av xim av-xim dub thiab tsis tawg). Tom qab kev pleev xim, nws tau txais xim tsaus nti zoo nkauj, tawg pob zeb thiab viscosity ntawm cov ntxhia ntuj.

Kev piav qhia ntawm hom

Kev faib tawm Basalt yog nyob ntawm tus yam ntxwv sib txawv (piv txwv li, xim, kev ntxhib los mos, ntom ntom, tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg, qhov chaw tsuas). Cov xim ntawm pob zeb feem ntau tsaus ntuj nti, lub teeb pom kev tsis tshua muaj neeg pom . Hais txog kev muaj pes tsawg leeg, pob zeb yog ferrous, ferrobasalt, calcareous thiab alkaline-calcareous. Raws li cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg, nws tau muab faib ua 3 hom: quartz-normative, nepheline-normative, hypersthene-normative. Ntau yam ntawm thawj hom yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm silica. Nws cov ntsiab lus hauv cov zaub mov ntawm pab pawg thib ob yog tsawg. Tseem lwm qhov yog qhov txawv los ntawm cov ntsiab lus qis ntawm quartz lossis nepheline.

Raws li qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, nws yog apatite, graphite, dialagic, magnetite . Raws li qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov zaub mov lawv tus kheej, nws tuaj yeem yog anorthite, labradoric. Raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshem tawm cov ntxhia ua los ntawm lub hauv paus, cov hauv paus yog plagioclase, leucite, nepheline, melilite.

Raws li qib kev zoo nkauj, basalt tau muab faib ua ob peb pawg. Ntawm cov no, 4 hom pob zeb yog cov nyiam tshaj plaws.

Cov ntxhia hauv Asia yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov tsaus grey (asphalt) ntxoov ntxoo . Nws yog siv los ua pob nyiaj siv sab hauv thiab kho kom zoo nkauj sab nrauv.

Moorish yog qhov zoo nkauj heev , yog qhov txawv los ntawm qhov xim zoo nkauj tsaus ntsuab nrog qhov nyob ntawm qhov blotches ntawm lub suab sib txawv. Vim nws qis dua tawv thiab tiv taus te, nws tsuas yog siv rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv.

Lub ntsej muag twilight ntawm basalt yog grey lossis dub . Nws yog los ntawm ntau yam kim ntawm pob zeb thoob ntiaj teb, muab los ntawm Tuam Tshoj. Muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj zog tiv taus kub thiab dej noo.

Basalt yog qhov cuam tshuam-tiv taus thiab ruaj khov ntxhia rau kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv thiab sab nrauv . Nws kim, nws tau muab rau Russia los ntawm Ltalis. Nws suav tias yog hom pob zeb kim tshaj plaws.

Dolerite

Dolerite yog pob zeb ntshiab-crystalline nrog qhov loj me me . Cov no yog cov pob zeb dub ntom nti tshwm los ntawm basalt magma uas ua rau sib sib zog nqus ntawm qhov tob (tsis pub tshaj 1 km). Lawv txawv los ntawm lawv qhov hnyav thiab tsis muaj qhov hws. Cov no yog cov tuab tuab ntawm kaum mus rau pua pua metres tuab.

Dolerites npog thaj tsam loj, lawv tuaj yeem pw ntawm kab rov tav lossis obliquely, nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov txheej zeb zeb thiab lwm cov pob zeb ua pob zeb . Sijhawm dhau los, lawv tawg mus rau hauv cov duab plaub loj, ua cov kauj ruam loj.

Trap

Hom no tsis muaj dab tsi ntau dua li basalt nrog kev sib cais sib cais, kev sib xyaw ua ke thiab cov qauv ntaiv. Nws tsim yog txheej txheem txheej txheem txheej txheem loj . Trap lub cev yog qhov txawv los ntawm lawv lub zog thiab qhov ntev. Trap magmatism yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm qhov ntim ntau ntawm cov pob zeb basalt tawm hauv lub sijhawm geologically luv dua thaj tsam loj.

Lava ntws tawm mus rau lub ntiaj teb saum npoo av, sau kev nyuaj siab thiab hav hav . Tom qab ntawd cov basalt nchuav hla lub tiaj tiaj tiaj. Vim tias qhov qis viscosity ntawm cov yaj, magma kis rau kaum tawm kilometers. Nrog rau qhov kev tawg, tsis muaj qhov chaw nyob ruaj khov thiab muaj suab npe nrov. Lava ntws los ntawm kev tawg hauv av.

Daim ntawv thov

Basalt muaj ntau yam kev siv

Cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab yog siv hauv cov chaw siab thiab qis hluav taws xob . Kab thaiv kab hluav taws xob tau tsim los ntawm nws hauv qhov cua qhib (tso tawm, txhawb nqa, insulators ntawm lub npav thib 3 ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau, xov tooj cua).

Ib qho ntxiv, nws tau siv hauv xov tooj, xov tooj, tshem tawm cov rwb thaiv tsev, sawv rau roj teeb, dab da dej, thiab tais diav.

Cov ntaub ntawv nyoos rau cov pob zeb tawg, fiber ntau basalt, cov khoom siv cua sov ua kom sov yog tsim los ntawm nws: mats, ntaub, muaj kev xav, ntxhia pob zeb, sib xyaw ua kom muaj zog basalt. Tsawg-tuab basalt rwb thaiv tsev mats tuaj yeem tiv taus cua sov ncaj qha los ntawm cov roj hlawv. Basalt xav tau siv los ua kev tiv thaiv thiab rwb thaiv tsev cua sov rau cov pa taws, qhov cub thiab lub qhov cub nkag. Lawv thaiv tsis tau tsuas yog phab ntsa, tab sis kuj yog lub ru tsev.

Minvata yog qhov xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom siab . Cov khoom siv sau hauv mats lossis cov ntxhuav hauv cov thooj voos kheej kheej tsis yog tsuas yog txhim khu kev qha, tab sis kuj ruaj khov, tiv taus lwm yam. Nws yog siv los ua cov kua qaub-resistant hmoov, backfill rau high-voltage converters. Basalt insulators muaj cov yam ntxwv dielectric siab dua hauv kev sib piv nrog cov sib piv ua los ntawm cov iav lossis iav.

Basalt crumb yog cov muab tub lim rau ua vaj tse thiab tiv thaiv kev xeb txheej txheej . Tus txiv neej niaj hnub kuj tseem siv cov ntxhia los tsim cov duab puab, laj kab laj kab, vaj huam sib luag nyuaj, tiv thaiv hluav taws, lim dej. Basalt tug ncej yog siv hauv kev tsim cov peev txheej.

Basalt yog cov khoom siv zoo heev . Nws tau siv los ua cov vuas dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov qauv ntuj tshwj xeeb thiab cov yam ntxwv zoo nkauj. Lawv kho cov ciav, ntaiv, monuments. Kev siv nyiaj ntau yam ntawm pob zeb tau siv hauv kev tsim kab, kho kom zoo nkauj laj kab. Lawv tau ntsib nrog verandas, ntxiv rau pab pawg nkag, ua tiav tsis tsuas yog phab ntsa, tab sis kuj yog cov hauv paus hauv paus. Nws tau siv qhov chaw uas muaj cov pa paug. Txawm li cas los xij, lub pob zeb muaj qhov nyiam txhuam; thaum ua haujlwm, txheej txheej tau du.

Basalt tuaj yeem dhau los ua lub hauv paus rau cov ntaiv, arches, thiab lwm yam khoom txhawb ntxiv . Nws ua cov txheej txheem muaj zog thiab txhim khu kev qha. Lawv tau muab tso nrog cov phab ntsa ntawm chav ntub (piv txwv li, da dej), nws txau cov dej kom zoo. Nws yog siv thaum tsim lub hauv paus ntawm cov tsev, tsim cov pas dej da, thiab lwm yam dej thiab cov khoom tiv taus av qeeg.

Basalt tau siv hauv kev tsim cov pob zeb, cov pob zeb, thiab kev teeb tsa suab . Nws yog cov khoom siv zoo heev rau kev ua paving pob zeb. Nrog nws txoj kev pab, paving ntawm thaj chaw neeg taug kev thiab txawm tias txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau, txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau tau ua tiav.

Cam khwb cia tig ntsej muag yog ua los ntawm basalt, hloov qhov saum npoo tiav nrog cov ntaub ntawv kim (piv txwv li, plooj (porcelain) pob zeb, granite).

Basalt kuj tseem siv hauv kev tsim cov poj niam thiab txiv neej cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub . Feem ntau cov no yog cov hlua tes, pendants thiab hlaws. Cov qhwv ntsej los ntawm nws tsis tshua muaj ua vim nws qhov hnyav. Ib qho ntxiv, basalt yog siv rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv.